Table 1 Comparative analysis of traditional electronic fabrication technology and advanced flexible electronics fabrication technologies

From: Revolutionizing wearable technology: advanced fabrication techniques for body-conformable electronics

Technology	Classification	Approximate resolution	Applications	Efficiency	Durability	Cost	Ref.
Traditional electronic fabrication technology	-	3 nm–μm	Integrated circuit, print circuit board, etc.	Low	High	High	-
Printed electronics fabrication technology	Spray coating	30–100 μm⁵⁶	Flexible sensors¹⁷⁷, flexible displays⁶⁰, flexible circuit⁵⁹, etc.	Minutes	Moderate	Low	^56,59,60,177
	Screen printing	20–100 μm⁶⁵	Flexible solar cells⁶⁸, flexible displays⁶⁵, flexible circuit⁶⁹, etc.	Minutes		Moderate	^65,68,69
	Roll-to-roll technology	1 μm¹⁵²	Flexible solar cells⁷⁶, flexible displays⁷³, flexible batteries⁷⁴, flexible circuit⁷¹, etc.	Minutes–hours		High	^{71,73,74,76,152}
Soft transfer technology	Soft transfer	Thermal release transfer 60 nm¹⁷⁸	Flexible displays⁷⁹, integrated circuit⁸⁰, etc.	Minutes	Moderate	Moderate	^{48,79,80,83,85,162,178}
		Laser-driven non-contact transfer 10–100 μm⁸³				High
		Shear-assisted transfer 50 nm⁴⁸				Low
		Shape memory material transfer 10 μm¹⁶²				High
		Surface chemical and adhesive transfer 50 nm⁸⁵				High
3D structures fabrication technology	Soft lithography	μCP 100 nm⁹²	Flexible circuit⁸⁸, flexible displays⁸⁹, biosensor¹⁷⁹, etc.	Minutes–hours	High	Moderate	^{87,88,89,92,95,179,180}
		μTM 350 nm⁸⁷				High
		MIMIC 200 nm–5 μm¹⁸⁰				High
		SAMIM 1 μm⁹⁵				Moderate
	3D printing	SLA 100 nm (m-SLA)⁹⁶	Flexible circuit¹¹², flexible sensors¹⁰⁶, soft robotics⁹⁶, implantable devices¹⁰⁵, microfluidics¹⁸¹, etc.	Minutes–hours		High	^{96,104,105,106,112,181,182}
		DLP 50 μm¹⁰⁴				High
		FDM 100 μm¹⁸²				Low
		DIW 75 μm¹¹²				Low
	Fiber/fabric technology	Thermal drawing 50 μm–1 mm¹⁸³	Flexible circuit¹¹⁹, flexible sensor¹⁸⁴, biomedical¹⁸⁵, etc.	Minutes–hours		Low	^{119,183,184,185,186}
		Electrospinning 3 nm–5 μm¹⁸⁶				Moderate
Deformation fabrication technology	Kirigami technology	50 nm¹⁸⁷	Flexible sensors¹³³, flexible electrode¹³⁶, implantable devices¹³⁸, etc.	Minutes	High	Low	^133,136,187
Deformation fabrication technology	Mechanically guided assembly technology	10 nm¹⁴⁴	Flexible sensors¹³⁰, soft robotics¹⁰, flexible circuit¹⁴¹, etc.	Minutes	High	Low	^{10,130,141,144}

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Table 1 Comparative analysis of traditional electronic fabrication technology and advanced flexible electronics fabrication technologies

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