Fig. 4: 3D perovskite thin films-based flexible PeLEDs.

a Schematic illustration of spray-coating process (i) and polymer substrate-based flexible large-area PeLED (ii). Reproduced with permission from ref. ⁶³. Copyright 2022, Elsevier. b The process of the doctor-blading (i) and current density and EQE curves of doctor-bladed PeLEDs (ii). Under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC-BY 4.0). c Schematic illustrations of the flash-induced ultrafast recrystallization of perovskite (MAPbBr₃). Reproduced with permission from ref. ⁶⁷. Copyright 2019, Elsevier. d Schematic diagram of the CsPbBr₃ layer thermal vacuum co-evaporation deposition process in conjunction with in situ dynamic thermal crystallization (i), and CE and EQE curves of PeLED devices with CsPbBr₃ film emitter layers prepared at different substrate temperatures and deposition rates with respect to applied bias voltage. Reproduced with permission from ref. ⁶⁹. Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society. e Schematic illustration of the charge carriers transport and recombination process in the PeLEDs based on flat and dendritic CsSnI₃ film (i) and SEM images of dendritic CsSnI₃ films after 2000 cycles bends (ii). Reproduced with Permission from ref. ⁷⁰. Copyright 2021, John Wiley and Sons.