Fig. 2: Tungsten Wire-Guided Implantation of Rod and Filament Electrodes.

a Stepped Tungsten Wire Tip-Guided Electrode Implantation Process³³; b Single-Shank Integrated Electrode with 64 Detection Sites Distributed at Different Depths and Immunofluorescence Response of Tissue²⁶. Microscopic images of consecutive tissue sections around the implanted micro-electrode array at 3 months after implantation. Left, schematic diagram showing three consecutive sections centered around the electrode array in the monkey brain. Right, bright-field microscopic images showing a piece of shank remained embedded in the brain tissue, with the insertion track(red circle) after needle removal. Immunostaining images of the three sections for the glial marker GFAP (green) and the neuron marker NeuN (red),together with DAPI (blue) staining of cell nuclei, showing no substantial difference in cellular organization between the tissues around the implantedelectrode and at a distance. Scare bar = 100 μm. Indicate that there is no significant difference between the electrode implantation site and the surrounding tissue; c 128-Channel Open Sheath Flexible Electrode and Immunofluorescence Response of GFAP and NeuN 2 Weeks Post-Implantation²⁷. (i) Electrode and electrode tip; (ii) Immunofluorescence response; (iii) Enlarged view of the immunofluorescence response; d Filamentous Electrode and 3D Reconstruction of Blood Vessels (Green) Surrounding the Electrode (Red) 2 Months Post-Implantation³³. (i) Filamentous electrode tip; (ii) Immunofluorescence response 0–400 μm below the brain surface; (iii) Immunofluorescence response 100–320 μm below the brain surface; e NeuroRoots Electrode, Electrode Transfer Method, and Immunofluorescence Response 90 Days Post-Implantation with 100 μm Diameter Microwire²⁹. (i) Assembly method using capillary and surface tension to pull the electrode onto the microwire (the black arrow: the effect after electrode assembly); (ii) Tissue response around the implant tip; (iii) Horizontal cross-section of tissue response along the implant trajectory. The surrounding tissue of the implantation site is surrounded by a small number of astrocytes. Reproduced with permission³³. Copyright 2017, Lan, L., Xiaoling, W., Zhengtuo, Z., et al., published by Science Advances. Reproduced with permission²⁶. Copyright 2023, Advanced Science published by Wiley-VCH GmbH. Reproduced under terms of the CC-BY license²⁷. Copyright 2024, Keundong, L., Angelique C., Yun Goo, R., et al., published by Springer Nature. Reproduced with permission³³. Copyright 2017, Lan, L., Xiaoling, W., Zhengtuo, Z., et al., published by Science Advances. Reproduced with permission²⁹. Copyright 2018, Marc D., F., Christopher M., P., Alexander, G., et al., published by bioRxiv.