Fig. 3: Anti-icing and deicing performance of the encapsulation layer.
From: Self-healing unmanned aerial vehicle skin for icing prevention and intelligent monitoring
a Proposed anti-icing and deicing mechanisms of the SEFs. b The static water contact angel of steel, SE, and SEF material surfaces. c Freezing delay process at −15 °C (the individual water droplets are 5 µL), and d TIN on the blank steel, SE, and SEF material surfaces (the individual water droplets are 1 µL). e The ice adhesion strength on bare steel, copper, aluminum, glass, commercial icephobic coatings, SE, and SEF material with different PFS contents. Statistical significance of ice nucleation temperature and adhesion strength were assessed using t tests, with a predefined level of significance (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001) (The control group in t test of b, d, e was steel). f During 50 icing/deicing cycles at −15 °C and g different freezing temperatures. The average thickness of SE and SEFs is 329 ± 13 µm.
