Fig. 1: Working principle and fabricating process of the CSFP.
From: Winding printed electrode patterns to customize soft fiber pumps
a A schematic illustration depicts the operating principle of the CSFP. Liquid molecules ionize at the negative electrode by accepting electrons. These charged particles not only move toward the positive electrode but also drag other liquid molecules along, creating a directional fluid flow toward the positive electrode. b Foundational procedures of CSFP, including electrode manufacturing, electrode winding, and thermoplastic molding. In step 3, the electrode film melts onto the tube, fusing the electrode and the tube into a unified structure. c Modifications enhancing the functionality of CSFP. (i) Electrodes can be crafted into various shapes. (ii) The diameter of the CSFP can be precisely changed by additional heating in any section. (iii) The cross-sectional geometry of the CSFP is adjustable. (iv) Overall structural deformation of the CSFP can be achieved and repeated through controlled heating. d The Actual Structure of CSFP (i) A CSFP heating-deformed into a herial structure. (ii) The copper electrodes printed on a piece of EVA film and embedded within the walls of a PE tube.
