Fig. 4: EIS curve of Nb-containing rebar and CS rebar after passivation for 10 d in SCPS with different pH.

a–c pH13.2. d–f pH12.5. g–i pH10.5. j–l pH9.0. (a, d, g, j Nyquist. b, e, h, k Bode. c, f, i, l Phase).
a–c pH13.2. d–f pH12.5. g–i pH10.5. j–l pH9.0. (a, d, g, j Nyquist. b, e, h, k Bode. c, f, i, l Phase).