Fig. 1: Representative microstructures for the 5, 6, and 7 surface GB microstructures simulated.

Each microstructure has an average grain size of 20 μm, while varying the number of GBs at the exposed surface located at the uppermost boundary.

Each microstructure has an average grain size of 20 μm, while varying the number of GBs at the exposed surface located at the uppermost boundary.