Fig. 12: Topographical texture analysis.

Optical profilometry images showing a the topography and b the profile of a single dimple created on 316L using a single laser pulse, with an aspect ratio of 0.1, a width of 36 μm, and a depth of 3.6 μm. c Schematic illustration of the method used to determine \({\rm{T}}{\rm{D}}\) based on L and r for dimple patterns. d SE-SEM image of the dimple pattern with 91% \({\rm{T}}{\rm{D}}\). Dashed box shows area used for \({\rm{T}}{\rm{D}}\) calculation. e Average surface roughness and f corresponding topography image.