Fig. 4
From: Embryonic development of selectively vulnerable neurons in Parkinson’s disease
Brainstem development and neuronal specification program of brainstem vulnerable populations in PD. a Each brainstem progenitor originates from one rostro-caudally segmented neuromere (colour coded) and gives rise to specific mature neurons via a developmental lineage. b Transverse view of three neuromeric segments (positions correspond to red lines in a with dorso-ventral progenitor origin (shape coded). c Mature neuronal populations after development, which may include migration, in vulnerable brainstem nuclei within a quasi-saggital section of a juvenile brain (neuromeric segment is colour coded and dorso-ventral progenitor origin is shape coded, as before), adapted from.58, 61, 63 d A set of developmental transcription factors is associated with the identity of each segment (upper) and the specification program for each neuronal population (middle), whether required to be expressed (dark blue), or required not to be expressed (light blue) or an experimental knowledge gap (white). e Neuronal populations are clustered by their developmental requirements highlighting similarities. Dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (10N), medullary/lower raphe nuclei [MoRa (RMg/B3, ROb/B2, RPa/B1)], pontine/upper raphe nuclei [PnRa (PRn/B5, DR/B6-7, MnR/B8, PMnR/B9)], locus coeruleus (LC/A6), subcoeruleus (SubC/A7), substantia nigra pars compacta (SNC/A9). Neuronal populations highlighted in this review are presented in black and red (vulnerability), the remaining neuronal populations are in light grey. The X sign represents the absence of neurogenesis from the corresponding progenitor. *involved but not required. **medial position. See Supplementary Information for details, including references to supporting literature
