Fig. 6

Conditioned medium from primary microglia treated with mitochondrial complex-1 inhibitors leads to DAergic neuronal toxicity. a ICC analysis of TH⁺ neurons treated with conditioned medium from primed microglial cells treated with 1 µM rotenone or tebufenpyrad for 24 h. The length of TH⁺ neurites was determined using ImageJ. Conditioned medium from primed-microglial cells treated with tebufenpyrad reduced TH⁺ neurite length. Scale bar, 100 μm. b ICC analysis of differentiated LUHMES cells treated with conditioned medium from primed microglial cells treated with 1 µM tebufenpyrad or rotenone for 24 h and cotreated with MCC-950. Scale bar, 100 μm. c Luminex analysis of the conditioned medium used to treat LUHMES cells. d A schematic representation illustrating the signaling cascade involved in pesticide-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation in microglial cells; drawing created by S. Sarkar using biomedical PowerPoint toolkit from Motifolio. Data analyzed via two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni adjustment, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 and are represented as Mean ± SEM with n = 3–8