Table 1 Clinical and imaging characteristics of patients.

From: Adverse effects of hypertension, supine hypertension, and perivascular space on cognition and motor function in PD

 

PD-IC (n = 36)

PD-MCI (n = 111)

PDD (n = 7)

P

Pa *

Pb *

Pc *

Clinical variables

Age, y

68.7 ± 7.9

70.2 ± 9.3

76.9 ± 7.2

0.085

   

Age at onset, y

65 (59–69)

67 (60–73)

73 (68–78)

0.092

   

Male

16 (44.4)

59 (53.2)

4 (57.1)

0.630

   

Education, y

12 (11–16)

12 (6–15)

12 (9–17)

0.189

   

Parkinsonism duration, m

12 (7–28)

12 (6–24)

24 (8–30)

0.777

   

Levodopa-equivalent dose, mg

0 (0–0)

0 (0–225)

0 (0–150)

0.097

   

UPDRS III

13 (13–20)

15 (10–21)

24 (19–27)

0.041

0.999

0.037

0.069

MMSE

29 (28–30)

27 (26–29)

23 (22–25)

<0.001

0.001

<0.001

0.005

CCSIT

6.8 ± 2.4

6.0 ± 2.7

5.7 ± 3.0

0.250

   

Depression

21 (58.3)

57 (51.4)

6 (85.7)

0.182

   

OH

6 (16.7)

22 (19.8)

2 (28.6)

0.756

   

SH

1 (2.8)

11 (9.9)

1 (14.3)

0.348

   

RBD

8 (22.2)

44 (39.6)

2 (28.6)

0.153

   

APOE ε4 carrier

7 (19.4)

22 (18.8)

1 (14.3)

0.938

   

Vascular risk factors

Hypertension

17 (47.2)

45 (40.6)

4 (57.1)

0.575

   

Diabetes mellitus

9 (25.0)

15 (13.5)

3 (42.9)

0.062

   

Dyslipidemia

22 (61.1)

56 (50.5)

3 (42.9)

0.468

   

Imaging findings

BGdPVS

1 (1–2)

2 (1–2)

3 (2–4)

0.010

0.901

0.009

0.027

WMdPVS

3 (2–4)

3 (2–4)

3 (2–4)

0.779

   

Total WMH

2 (1–2)

2 (2–3)

4 (2–4)

0.016

0.055

0.102

0.493

Periventricular WMH

1 (1–1)

1 (1–2)

3 (1–3)

0.020

0.160

0.047

0.215

Deep WMH

1 (0–1)

1 (1–1)

1 (1–1)

0.106

   
  1. Data are expressed as means ± standard deviations or medians with interquartile ranges or as numbers with percentages in parentheses.
  2. P refers to the statistical significance among the three groups.
  3. *Pa, Pb, and Pc refer to the corrected statistical significance with Bonferroni-like adjustment for differences between the PD-IC and PD-MCI, PD-IC and PDD, and PD-MCI and PDD groups, respectively.
  4. Abbreviations: BG basal ganglia, CCSIT Cross-Cultural Smell Identification Test, dPVS dilated perivascular space, MMSE Mini-Mental State Examination, OH orthostatic hypotension, PDD PD with dementia, PD-IC PD with intact cognition, PD-MCI PD with mild cognitive impairment, RBD REM sleep behavior disorder, SH supine hypertension, UPDRS III Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale III, WM white matter, WMH white matter hyperintensities.
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