Table 1 Baseline demographics and clinical characteristics of the participants.

Variables		HCs (N = 195)	PD (N = 413)	P
Demographic	Age, years	60.84 (11.25)	61.65 (9.68)	0.386
	Sex, female	69 (35.4%)	143 (34.6%)	0.854
	Education, years	16.05 (2.90)	15.52 (2.97)	0.036
	Duration, months	NA	6.65 (6.55)
	Age at onset, years	NA	59.67 (9.94)
	Follow-up duration, years	4.41 (1.35)	4.36 (1.34)	0.675
Genetic	APOE4 allele	0 = 145 (74.3%)	0 = 310 (75.1%)	0.98
		1 = 45 (23.1%)	1 = 93 (22.5%)
		2 = 5 (2.6%)	2 = 10 (2.4%)
	GRS-AD	0.20 (0.69)	0.22 (0.66)	0.675
	GRS-PD	−0.18 (0.67)	0.24 (0.73)	<0.001
CSF	Baseline Aβ₄₂ (ng/mL)	1.02 (0.50)	0.90 (0.41)	0.007
		Missing data = 8	Missing data = 12
	Baseline t-tau (pg/mL)	191.58 (79.47)	169.38 (56.96)	0.001
		Missing data = 9	Missing data = 19
	Baseline p-tau (pg/mL)	17.52 (8.37)	14.85 (5.27)	<0.001
		Missing data = 20	Missing data = 43
	Baseline αSyn (ng/mL)	1.70 (0.75)	1.50 (0.67)	0.003
		Missing data = 6	Missing data = 8
	Baseline amyloid-positivity	59 (31.6%)	102 (25.4%)	0.540
		Missing data = 8	Missing data = 12
	Baseline p-tau/Aβ₄₂ ratio	19.51 (17.70)	17.56 (9.48)	0.176
		Missing data = 22	Missing data = 48
	Longitudinal CSF measurement	166 (85.1)	354 (85.7)	0.946
Motor	UPDRS III score	1.21 (2.20)	20.79 (8.82)	<0.001
DAT scan	Mean caudate	2.98 (0.63)	2.00 (0.56)	<0.001
	Mean putamen	2.14 (0.56)	0.83 (0.30)	<0.001
	Mean striatum	2.56 (0.57)	1.41 (0.40)	<0.001
		Missing data = 3	Missing data = 3
Cognitive	Visuospatial	13.13 (1.99)	12.77 (2.14)	0.042
	Memory	9.30 (2.32)	8.36 (2.53)	<0.001
	Semantic fluency	51.79 (11.23)	48.71 (11.67)	0.002
	Frontal/executive	46.83 (10.53)	41.12 (9.71)	<0.001
		Missing data = 0	Missing data = 1

Aβ₄₂ 42-residue amyloid-beta, αSyn Alpha-synuclein, AD Alzheimer’s disease, APOE4 Apolipoprotein E ε4 allele, CSF Cerebrospinal fluid, DAT Dopamine transporter, GRS Genetic risk score, HC Healthy controls, PD Parkinson’s disease, p-tau Phosphorylated tau, t-tau Total tau, UPDRS Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale.
Data are expressed as a mean (standard deviation) or number (%). Results from t-tests or chi-square tests were used as appropriate.

Search