Fig. 5: Differences in serum short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and neuroactive compounds between Probio-M8 (Pro) and placebo (pla) groups and proposed model of probiotic-driven pathways modulating the gut-brain-axis in patients with Parkinson’s disease.
From: Probiotics synergized with conventional regimen in managing Parkinson’s disease
a–e Significant differences in serum SCFAs and neuroactive compounds between the probiotic and placebo groups at 1 month (1 M) and 3 months (3 M), error bars represented SD; P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. f Schematic diagram illustrating key probiotic-driven pathways that modulated the gut-brain-axis and host response. UPDRS-III, MMSE, HAMA, HAMD-17, PDSS, and PAC-QOL represent Unified PD Rating Scale-III, Mini-mental State Examination, Hamilton Anxiety Scale, Hamilton Depression Scale-17, Parkinson’s Disease Sleep Scale, Patient-Assessment of Constipation Quality of Life, respectively. GABA and SCFAs represent gamma-aminobutyric acid and short-chain fatty acids.
