Fig. 2: Diurnal variations in beta power are largely accounted for by transitions between sleeping and waking periods.

a Normalized beta power in the left and right STN (blue and orange, respectively) of one patient over a period of 8 days during which the patient recorded when they went to bed and when they rose in the morning. Gray areas represent the time the patient was in bed for the night. b Normalized beta power as in a for the full 21-day recording period, aligned to the time of waking. Blue and orange lines represent the mean for the left and right STN respectively, while thin blue and orange lines represent the corresponding individual time series. c Normalized beta power as in a for the full 21-day recording period, aligned to the time of going to bed. Blue and orange thick lines represent the mean for the left and right STN respectively, while thin blue and orange lines represent the corresponding individual time series. d Normalized beta power as in a for the full 21-day recording period, between going to bed and waking up. Blue and orange thick lines represent the mean for the left and right STN respectively, while thin blue and orange lines represent the corresponding individual time series. e Average beta power aligned to estimated average wake-up time for all STN time series in the data set (gray lines, n = 9) and mean across all-time series (thick black line). f Variance explained by time of day across the whole 24 h cycle vs. during the day or night alone. Full 24 h: 0.41 ± 0.092; Day only: 0.13 ± 0.11, Wilcoxon’s signed-rank = 45, p = 0.039 vs 24 h; Night only: 0.14 ± 0.13, Wilcoxon’s signed-rank = 43, p = 0.012 vs. 24 h; n = 9 STN time series.