Fig. 2: Representative CCM images in healthy controls, AutD-N, AutD-S, and AutD-M.

Corneal nerve fibers are beaded, linear homogeneous and highly reflective (a–d). Nerve fiber trunks are highlighted in red, green dots indicate the origin of the branches, and blue and red lines combined indicate the corneal nerve fiber length (e–h). Pictures (e–h) were analyzed with the manual software (CCMetrics) and images (i–l) were marked with the automated version (ACCMetrics). CCM corneal confocal microscopy, PD Parkinson’s disease, AutD-N patients with no autonomic symptoms, AutD-S patients with single-domain autonomic symptoms, AutD-M patients with multiple-domain autonomic symptoms. Scale bar = 100 um.