Table 2 Change in clinical characteristics among LRRK2 G2019S carriers vs healthy controls.

From: Longitudinal clinical and biomarker characteristics of non-manifesting LRRK2 G2019S carriers in the PPMI cohort

 

LRRK2 G2019S carriers

Healthy controls

p value

Baseline (N = 176)

Year 1 (N = 172)

Year 2 (N = 140)

Baseline (N = 185)

Year 1 (N = 182)

Year 2 (N = 172)

Group × time effect

MDS-UPDRS total score

8.9 (7.4)

9.6 (8.4)

9.4 (9.2)

4.6 (4.4)

5.3 (5.2)

5.3 (4.9)

0.6519

MDS-UPDRS Part I

4.8 (3.8)

5.0 (4.1)

4.7 (4.0)

3.0 (2.9)

3.2 (3.2)

3.2 (3.0)

0.1848

MDS-UPDRS Part II

1.1 (2.2)

1.4 (2.7)

1.4 (2.6)

0.4 (1.0)

0.4 (1.1)

0.6 (1.3)

0.0194

MDS-UPDRS Part III

3.1 (4.1)

3.2 (4.1)

3.2 (5.0)

1.2 (2.2)

1.6 (2.8)

1.5 (2.8)

0.5018

MOCA total score, mean (SD; range)

26.8 (2.4; 18–30)

27.0 (2.5; 16–30)

26.9 (2.4; 20–30)

28.2 (1.1; 26–30)*

27.2 (2.2; 20–30)

27.2 (2.4; 21–30)

0.0044

GDS-15 total score

1.7 (2.4)

1.5 (2.1)

1.7 (2.3)

1.3 (2.1)

1.4 (2.4)

1.2 (1.9)

0.4104

SCOPA-AUT total score

8.4 (6.1)

8.8 (6.6)

8.6 (6.2)

5.8 (3.8)

5.9 (4.5)

6.0 (4.2)

0.0458

Orthostatic systolic blood pressure drop

0.1 (11.0)

−0.9 (11.2)

−0.5 (10.7)

2.1 (12.3)

1.7 (10.5)

1.0 (11.3)

0.0702

Orthostatic diastolic blood pressure drop

−3.7 (7.6)

−4.6 (7.6)

−3.2 (7.6)

−3.5 (8.4)

−2.5 (7.4)

−3.5 (8.0)

0.1580

State trait anxiety score

61.3 (16.7)

60.2 (16.6)

60.4 (16.8)

57.0 (14.2)

56.3 (16.8)

55.9 (14.5)

0.2646

QUIP (≥1 disorder)

46 (27%)

45 (27%)

44 (32%)

36 (19%)

37 (20%)

29 (17%)

0.0713

Epworth sleepiness scale (≥ 10)

18 (10%)

17 (10%)

14 (10%)

20 (11%)

19 (10%)

23 (13%)

0.5677

RBDSQ (≥5)

38 (22%)

35 (21%)

27 (20%)

36 (19%)

35 (19%)

29 (17%)

0.6721

  1. Data are mean (SD) or n (%) unless otherwise stated. Five or fewer participants per group missed any one assessment except for LRRK2 G2019S carriers at year 1 (six missed the MDS-UPDRS total score and RBDSQ) and year 2 (10 missed the SCOPA-AUT; six missed the STAI). p values were found using generalized estimating equations (with inverse probability weighting to adjust for age and sex) modeling the change from baseline at follow-up (continuous outcomes) or the binary response at follow-up (categorical outcomes) while adjusting for the baseline value. Significance level for comparisons is p < 0.0038 (after Bonferroni correction).
  2. *Exclusion criteria for healthy controls included a baseline MOCA score < 27, but a waiver was granted to one individual with a baseline score of 26.
  3. MDS-UPDRS Movement Disorder Society Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale. MOCA Montreal Cognitive Assessment. GDS-15 Geriatric Depression Scale (15-item). SCOPA-AUT Scales for Outcomes in Parkinson’s Disease-Autonomic. QUIP Questionnaire for Impulsive-Compulsive Disorders in Parkinson’s Disease. RBDSQ REM Sleep Behavior Disorder Screening Questionnaire.
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