Fig. 3: Training effects on resting-state effective connectivity in Parkinson’s disease patients.

Effective connectivity value during resting-state between the patients before and after treadmill training. The box represents lower quartile, median and upper quartile. The control group served as reference to the effects of training. BS brainstem, CB cerebellum, MC motor cortex, SC subcortical region, TPDC time-resolved partial directed coherence. *p < 0.05; white line (within the box): median level.