Fig. 2: The number of studies in the meta-analysis for PD versus the parkinsonism and control groups.

a The number of included studies for the PD versus parkinsonism groups. The number of studies included for the indicated biomarkers comparing PD patients to those with MSA, PSP, DLB, or CBD is illustrated. b The number of included studies for the PD versus control groups. The number of studies included for the indicated biomarkers comparing PD patients to the control group or the combined HC and OND groups is illustrated. PD Parkinson’s disease, PSP progressive supranuclear palsy, MSA multiple system atrophy, DLB dementia with Lewy bodies, CBD cortico-basal degeneration, HC healthy control, OND other neurodegenerative diseases, Aβ42 the 42-amino-acid form of Aβ, p-tau phosphorylated tau, t-tau total tau, NFL neurofilament light-chain protein, α-syn α-synuclein, IL-6 interleukin-6, CRP C-reactive protein, CHI3L1 YKL-40, chitinase-3-like protein 1, Cu copper, Mn manganese, Fe iron, Zn zinc.