Fig. 3: Meta-analysis for CSF biomarker performance measured with the effect size (ES) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for PD versus control or parkinsonism patients.

a The biomarkers illustrated in blue and marked as 1 were significantly different between PD patients and HC. The biomarkers illustrated in green and marked as 2 were significantly different between PD and OND patients. A significant difference was identified between the PD patients and those in the OND and HC groups combined for the orange-labeled biomarkers marked as 3. b The biomarkers illustrated in blue were significantly different between PD and MSA patients. The biomarkers illustrated in green were significantly different between PD and PSP patients. A significant difference was observed between the PD and DLB patients for the orange-labeled biomarkers. The biomarker marked pink was significantly different between the PD and CBD patients. PD Parkinson’s disease, OND other neurodegenerative diseases, HC healthy control, MSA multiple system atrophy, DLB dementia with Lewy bodies, PSP progressive supranuclear palsy, CBD cortico-basal degeneration, α-syn α-synuclein, Aβ42 the 42-amino-acid form of Aβ, t-tau total tau, p-tau phosphorylated tau, NFL neurofilament light-chain protein, YKL-40, CHI3L1 chitinase-3-like protein 1.