Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of the participants.

From: Diffusion along perivascular spaces as marker for impairment of glymphatic system in Parkinson’s disease

 

PD whole (n = 76)

HC whole (n = 48)

p valuew

PDa (n = 40)

HCa (n = 47)

p valuea

PDb (n = 36)

HCb (n = 31)

p valueb

Age (years)

57.00 ± 9.53

52.65 ± 9.25

0.01*

54.55 ± 8.34

52.22 ± 8.84

0.25

59.72 ± 10.13

57.86 ± 5.67

0.11

Sex, male (%)

48.7%

41.7%

 

52.50%

40.43%

0.26

44.44%

35.48%

0.46

Education (years)

7.73 ± 4.90

10.48 ± 5.85

0.01**

8.41 ± 5.01

10.57 ± 5.88

0.09

7.00 ± 4.74

9.03 ± 4.96

0.09

Symptom onset side

Left-side

31.58%

-

-

30.00%

-

-

33.33%

-

-

Right-side

68.42%

-

-

70.00%

-

-

66.67%

-

-

Disease duration (years)

7.00 ± 4.76

-

-

5.22 ± 4.45

-

-

9.78 ± 6.50

-

-

UPDRS I

2.00 ± 2.17

-

-

1.05 ± 2.06

-

-

2.39 ± 2.26

-

-

UPDRS II

11.57 ± 6.39

-

-

8.85 ± 4.72

-

-

14.58 ± 6.69

-

-

UPDRS III

25.72 ± 12.36

-

-

19.05 ± 11.28

-

-

33.14 ± 8.83

-

-

UPDRS IV

3.13 ± 2.98

-

-

2.03 ± 2.01

-

-

4.36 ± 3.41

-

-

UPDRS total

42.45 ± 19.78

-

-

31.55 ± 16.40

-

-

54.56 ± 15.88

-

-

H&Y stage

2.25 ± 0.87

-

-

1.55 ± 0.45

-

-

3.03 ± 0.45

-

-

LEDD (mg)

605.90 ± 275.40

-

-

504.40 ± 245.35

-

-

715.79 ± 266.66

-

-

HAM-D

7.48 ± 5.83

3.83 ± 3.55

0.0001***

5.56 ± 3.97

3.90 ± 3.57

0.03*

9.56 ± 6.81

3.96 ± 3.43

<0.0001****

HAM-A

6.67 ± 5.49

2.95 ± 2.77

<0.0001****

5.08 ± 5.19

3.00 ± 2.79

0.08

8.39 ± 5.35

3.19 ± 2.77

<0.0001****

MMSE

24.73 ± 4.71

26.33 ± 3.23

0.10

26.23 ± 3.18

26.28 ± 3.26

0.89

23.11 ± 5.54

25.71 ± 3.24

0.09

Fazekas score total

1.82 ± 1.22

1.63 ± 1.10

0.51

1.58 ± 0.83

1.63 ± 1.10

1.00

2.09 ± 1.53

1.83 ± 1.20

0.60

PVWM

1.03 ± 0.65

0.95 ± 0.64

0.57

0.92 ± 0.49

0.95 ± 0.64

0.95

1.15 ± 0.80

1.03 ± 0.68

0.57

DWM

0.79 ± 0.74

0.68 ± 0.66

0.50

0.66 ± 0.58

0.68 ± 0.66

1.00

0.94 ± 0.86

0.79 ± 0.68

0.59

  1. Results are expressed as means ± standard deviation for the continuous variables and as frequencies for the categorical variables.
  2. PD Parkinson’s disease, PDa PD patients whose H&Y stage was lower than or equal to 2, PDb PD patients whose H&Y stage was higher than 2, HC healthy control, UPDRS unified Parkinson’s disease rating scale, H&Y stage Hoehn & Yahr stage, LEDD levodopa equivalent daily dose, HAM-D Hamilton depression rating scale, HAM-A Hamilton anxiety rating scale, MMSE mini-mental state examination, PVWM periventricular white matter, DWM deep white matter.
  3. *indicates p value < 0.05; ****indicates p value < 0.0001.
  4. aindicates comparison between PDa and HCa groups.
  5. bindicates comparison between PDb and the matched HCb groups.
  6. windicates comparison between whole PD and HC groups.