Fig. 5: Investigation of the changes in signalling protein expressions in association with OxPhos deficiency.

a–c SN neurons showing deficiency (that fell below the lower 10% limit of the prediction interval of the control) in complex I (NDUFA13), IV (MTCO1) or V (ATP5B) and those with normal expression were categorised as two subgroups within each individual case. Within each individuals, differences in the expression level of tested proteins between the two subgroups were analysed using Bayesian Estimation modelling (µ1, PD; µ2, Control)³¹. The Difference of Means (µ1–µ2) generated from the modelling for each tested signalling protein were summarised and ranked in descending order based on the control, for the three types of OxPhos deficiencies respectively. Comparison of these differences in the responsive proteins between PD, mitochondrial disease and control group were also performed (ANOVA, p, *≤0.05, **≤0.01), no significant difference was identified in the complex I and IV responses. Each dot represents an individual case; bars and lines represent the mean and SD; dot size shows the effect size.