Fig. 1: Flowchart depicting the patient inclusion process.

A PPMI database and B FJMUUH-PD database. PPMI Parkinson’s Progression Marker Initiative, FJMUUH-PD Fujian Medical University Union Hospital Parkinson’s Disease, PD Parkinson’s disease, UPDRS Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale, MDS-UPDRS Movement Disorders Society-Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale, DBS deep brain stimulation, MRI magnetic resonance imaging, FOG freezing of gait.