Fig. 2: Stimulation simulation patient 1 residual symptoms following surgery, primarily related to motor symptoms of freezing of gait. | npj Parkinson's Disease

Fig. 2: Stimulation simulation patient 1 residual symptoms following surgery, primarily related to motor symptoms of freezing of gait.

From: Image-guided programming deep brain stimulation improves clinical outcomes in patients with Parkinson’s disease

Fig. 2

a 3D reconstruction of the STN (Green), electrode position (Orange), and VTA model (red). b Inline, perpendicular and axial view. c Programming settings. In the upper panel, the image illustrates the initial stimulation programming. The right electrode is positioned slightly medially to the subthalamic nucleus (STN) with circular stimulation in a subdorsal contact. In the axial plane, the VTA overlaps the dorsal portion of the STN. On the left side, the electrode is correctly positioned, and the stimulation is located ventrally relative to the nucleus. The lower panel demonstrates the image-guided programming aimed at covering the dorsolateral STN region. At the right electrode, the vertical direction is applied at the supraventral and ventral contacts. The left contact underwent a contact change (subdorsal), primarily targeting the dorsolateral portion of the nucleus.

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