Fig. 2: illustrates the process by which microglia (MG) become activated during neuroinflammation in PD. | npj Parkinson's Disease

Fig. 2: illustrates the process by which microglia (MG) become activated during neuroinflammation in PD.

From: MicroRNAs regulation in Parkinson’s disease, and their potential role as diagnostic and therapeutic targets

Fig. 2

When neurons are damaged or dying in PD or toxin-induced models, they release impair-associated molecular patterns (IAMPs) and α-synuclein, which activate microglia through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). This activation leads to the release of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and other inflammatory mediators including ASC, IFN2, iNOS, and Caspase-1. The release of these cytokines further activates other resting microglia, which ultimately leads to neuroinflammation or neurodegeneration in the affected area. MPTP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine), IL-1β (interleukin-1β), IL-6 (interleukin-6), IFN2 (type 2 interferon), iNOS (inducible NOS), TNF-α (tumour necrosis factor-α), and ASC (apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD). Note: This figure is an original figure created by the authors.

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