Table 2 Associations of biomarkers and the risk of Parkinson’s disease

From: Early detection of Parkinson’s disease through multiplex blood and urine biomarkers prior to clinical diagnosis

Biomarkers

Model I

Model II

Model III

HR (95% CI)

P-value

HR (95% CI)

P-value

HR (95% CI)

P-value

AST/ALT

1.18 (1.13, 1.23)

3.34 × 10-12

1.19 (1.13, 1.24)

6.24 × 10-13

1.14 (1.08, 1.21)

8.53 × 10-06

HDL/ApoA

1.10 (1.05, 1.15)

1.18 × 10-04

1.12 (1.07, 1.17)

1.02 × 10-05

1.06 (1.00, 1.12)

6.74 × 10−02

NLR

1.19 (1.13, 1.24)

2.10 × 10-12

1.16 (1.11, 1.22)

3.93 × 10-10

1.14 (1.08, 1.19)

6.06 × 10-07

Platelet count

0.86 (0.82, 0.90)

2.88 × 10-09

0.86 (0.82, 0.90)

9.69 × 10-10

1.10 (1.01, 1.20)

3.91 × 10-02

Platelet crit

0.83 (0.79, 0.87)

1.28 × 10-12

0.83 (0.79, 0.87)

1.38 × 10-13

0.76 (0.70, 0.83)

5.97 × 10-09

Eosinophill count

0.88 (0.85, 0.93)

3.82 × 10-07

0.88 (0.84, 0.92)

5.52 × 10-08

0.92 (0.88, 0.96)

4.79 × 10-04

Basophill count

1.24 (1.19, 1.30)

5.41 × 10-22

1.24 (1.19, 1.30)

5.51 × 10-22

1.31 (1.25, 1.37)

2.98 × 10-31

Monocyte percentage

0.92 (0.88, 0.96)

9.49 × 10-04

0.91 (0.87, 0.96)

2.11 × 10-04

0.95 (0.91, 1.00)

5.94 × 10−02

Immature reticulocyte fraction

0.75 (0.72, 0.78)

4.01 × 10-37

0.74 (0.71, 0.77)

1.12 × 10-40

0.75 (0.71, 0.79)

3.49 × 10-20

High light scatter reticulocyte count

0.84 (0.80, 0.88)

6.06 × 10-12

0.81 (0.78, 0.85)

9.01 × 10-16

1.07 (1.00, 1.14)

6.78 × 10−02

Sodium in urine

0.94 (0.90, 0.98)

3.84 × 10-03

0.94 (0.91, 0.98)

4.75 × 10-03

0.99 (0.95, 1.03)

6.41 × 10−01

Alanine aminotransferase

0.83 (0.78, 0.89)

1.76 × 10-08

0.82 (0.77, 0.87)

3.93 × 10-10

0.98 (0.91, 1.05)

5.70 × 10−01

Apolipoprotein B

0.88 (0.84, 0.92)

3.20 × 10-09

0.92 (0.89, 0.96)

1.46 × 10-04

1.06 (0.96, 1.17)

3.01 × 10−01

C-reactive protein

0.83 (0.77, 0.89)

3.52 × 10-07

0.82 (0.77, 0.88)

8.33 × 10-08

0.89 (0.83, 0.95)

1.43 × 10-03

Glucose

1.16 (1.11, 1.21)

2.54 × 10-09

1.12 (1.06, 1.17)

1.64 × 10-05

1.13 (1.07, 1.19)

5.02 × 10-06

IGF-1

1.28 (1.23, 1.33)

4.17 × 10-36

1.28 (1.23, 1.33)

2.63 × 10-36

1.25 (1.20, 1.30)

7.46 × 10-29

LDL direct

0.88 (0.84, 0.91)

1.49 × 10-08

0.92 (0.88, 0.96)

1.78 × 10-04

0.91 (0.82, 1.01)

9.95 × 10−02

Phosphate

1.06 (1.02, 1.11)

6.62 × 10-03

1.06 (1.02, 1.10)

7.67 × 10-03

1.08 (1.03, 1.12)

1.81 × 10-03

Total bilirubin

1.10 (1.06, 1.15)

1.68 × 10-06

1.10 (1.06, 1.14)

4.08 × 10-06

1.06 (1.02, 1.11)

5.31 × 10-03

Total protein

1.05 (1.01, 1.09)

4.94 × 10-02

1.04 (1.00, 1.08)

8.84 × 10−02

-

-

Triglycerides

0.86 (0.82, 0.90)

1.15 × 10-08

0.86 (0.82, 0.90)

4.73 × 10-09

0.85 (0.81, 0.89)

2.29 × 10−01

Urate

0.82 (0.78, 0.86)

2.53 × 10-15

0.81 (0.77, 0.85)

8.63 × 10-19

0.85 (0.81, 0.89)

1.13 × 10-10

  1. HR hazard ratio, CI confidence interval, ns, not significance, AST aspartate transaminase, ALT alanine transaminase, HDL High-density lipoprotein, ApoA Apolipoprotein A, NLR neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio. Model I: Adjusted for age, sex, sociodemographic factors, and lifestyle domains. Model II: Adjusted for variables in Model I plus cardiovascular diseases. Model III: Includes only the statistically significant biomarkers (P < 0.05) in Model II. These significant factors were further analyzed in a multivariate survival analysis.
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