Table 1 Clinical data and imaging findings of the subjects

From: Parkinson’s disease with possible REM sleep behavior disorder correlated with more severe glymphatic system dysfunction

 

NC

PD

p

PD-RBD

PD-nRBD

p

(n = 33)

(n = 91)

(n = 55)

(n = 36)

Age (years)

62.6 ± 6.1

65.2 ± 8.0

0.062

65.4 ± 7.0

64.9 ± 9.2

0.076

Sex (M/F)

17/16

39/52

0.392

23/32

16/20

0.804

MMSE

27.79 ± 2.26

27.98 ± 2.13

0.667

28.02 ± 1.79

27.92 ± 2.60

0.826

EDU (years)

10.30 ± 3.29

12.80 ± 3.15

<0.001*

12.85 ± 3.12

12.72 ± 3.24

0.846

LED

NA

459.87 ± 275.72

NA

493.46 ± 270.76

408.55 ± 241.54

0.131

Dur (years)

NA

7.65 ± 4.19

NA

7.67 ± 3.88

7.61 ± 4.69

0.946

UPDRS-I

NA

3.04 ± 2.16

NA

3.42 ± 1.90

2.47 ± 2.41

0.040*

UPDRS-II

NA

12.51 ± 5.49

NA

13.40 ± 5.64

11.14 ± 5.01

0.054

UPDRS-III

NA

30.77 ± 11.93

NA

32.04 ± 12.52

28.83 ± 10.85

0.212

UPDRS-IV

NA

2.36 ± 2.38

NA

2.62 ± 2.64

1.97 ± 1.89

0.177

UPDRS-total

NA

49.52 ± 17.73

NA

52.36 ± 18.26

45.17 ± 16.18

0.058

HY

NA

2.5 (2–3)

NA

2 (2–3)

2.5 (1.5–3)

0.507

HAMD

NA

9.90 ± 6.11

NA

11.2 ± 6.0

7.9 ± 5.9

0.011*

HAMA

NA

10.96 ± 6.67

NA

11.8 ± 6.5

9.6 ± 6.8

0.120

SSQ

NA

1 (0–1)

NA

1 (1–2)

0 (0–0)

<0.001*

Imaging findings

      

 ALPS-index

1.53 ± 0.17

1.42 ± 0.16

0.002*

1.39 ± 0.15

1.47 ± 0.17

0.017*

 BG-EPVS

1 (1–1)

1 (1–1)

0.585

1 (1–1)

1 (1–1)

0.953

 CSO-EPVS

0 (0–1)

0 (0–1)

0.088

0 (0–1)

0 (0–1)

0.254

  1. Data are expressed as n (%), mean ± SD, or median (IQR) as appropriate.
  2. NC normal controls, PD Parkinson’s disease, PD-RBD PD with rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder, PD-nRBD PD without rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder, M/F male/female, MMSE Mini-Mental State Examination, EDU education years, LED levodopa equivalent dose, Dur disease duration, UPDRS Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale, HY Hoehn and Yahr stages, HAMD Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, HAMA Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety, SSQ Stavanger Sleepiness Questionnaire, ALPS-index along the perivascular space-index, BG-EPVS enlarged perivascular spaces in basal ganglia, CSO-EPVS enlarged perivascular spaces in centrum semiovale, NA not applicable.