Fig. 4: The voxel-level and network-level group-related differences in stratial gradient.

A: Voxel-level group-related differences in Gradient 2 between PD-MCI and PDD patients with LEDD as covariate. B, C: Voxel-level group-related differences in Gradient 2 between PD-MCI and PDD, and between PD-MCI and PD-NC patients, respectively, without adjusting for LEDD. D: Correlation between Gradient 2 and the neurotransmitter atlas, with the mean Gradient 2 map showing significant spatial correspondence with DAT, MU_CARFENTANIL, and SERT_DASB distributions. E–G: Voxel-level group-related difference in Gradient 3 between PD-NC and PDD, between PD-MCI and PDD, and between HC and PDD, respectively. H: Network-level group-related differences in gradient scores. HC healthy controls, PD-NC normal cognitive, PD-MCI mild cognitive impairment, PDD Parkinson’s disease dementia, L left, R right.