Fig. 1: Explorative data analysis (EDA).
From: Transformer-based long-term predictor of subthalamic beta activity in Parkinson’s disease
a The aDBS parameters are set (day-0) based on the clinical condition of one patient (NWK1) and the daily distributions of subthalamic beta-power from previous days (blue). Profile of the delivered current (green-line; in Amin, Amax or modulated with the linear proportional algorithm). βmin and βmax (dashed-vertical-lines). Daily percentages below and above these thresholds (yellow and orange, respectively) and prior-to-recalibration (gray). Distributions presented as min–max normalized occurrences over beta-power, resampled, and averaged over each successive pair-of-bins. b Variability profiles for NWK1 over time assessed for the distribution percentiles below-above the two beta thresholds. c Distribution of patient-specific (NWK1) subthalamic beta-power of the last day (day-140) before a subsequent visit for aDBS reprogramming. d Same as (a, c) but combined for every visit (each box is a visit). e Variability was assessed within each patient’s set of aDBS parameters used, distinguishing between net shifts of the beta distributions (d), expressed in fractions of time, below βmin (dark yellow) leading to understimulation, above βmax (dark orange) leading to overstimulation, and between the two thresholds (red). UPDRS-III: Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale motor part score (maximum score is 108)—value assessed on the morning of the clinical-follow-up. LEDD drug dosage (mg) as Levodopa Equivalent Daily Doses33—drug dosage valid for the period prior-to the corresponding follow-up. CH1 left hemisphere, CH2 right hemisphere, D driver channel/hemisphere. List of new set-of-aDBS parameters valid until the next follow-up. Numbers after CH1 and CH2 refer to Amin: stimulation amplitude (mA) delivered at or below βmin and Amax: stimulation amplitude (mA) delivered at or above βmax; F: frequency-of-stimulation (Hz); PW: pulse-width (μs); P: βmin–βmax, lower-upper beta-power thresholds for current adjustments. Time: number-of-days for which the new set-of-aDBS parameters apply. f Power-spectrum (PS) of the recorded time series. Short- and long-term evolutions within the PS are fitted separately to a linear power-low model (yellow and red, respectively). The cutoff point was fixed at 24 h (1440 min) to account for circadian rhythms. g Variability of the power-low exponent in the high-frequency and low-frequency fit of the patients' PS according to their different set-of-aDBS parameters for all four patients individually.
