Table 1 Sample characteristics

From: Subjective cognitive decline in individuals with isolated REM sleep behavior disorder

 

HC n = 27

RBD.SCD– n = 27

RBD.SCD+ n = 29

RBD.MCI n = 24

Main effect group

Age in years

67.02 (4.86) [58.04–77.97]

70.92 (5.51) [57.63–80.63]

68.66 (6.29) [55.90–80.93]

67.92 (5.72) [59.15–79.02]

F(3,103) = 2.34,

p = 0.078, pη2 = 0.06

Sex, n (%)

female

3 (11.11%)

6 (22.22%)

2 (6.90%)

2 (8.33%)

χ2(3) = 3.67, p = 0.299

 

male

24 (88.89%)

21 (77.78%)

27 (93.10%)

22 (91.67%)

 

Education in years

17.06 (3.54) [11.50–27.00]

16.80 (2.56) [13.00–22.00]

15.41 (3.11) [10.00–21.00]

14.71 (3.14) [7.00–21.00]

F(3,103) = 3.36,

p = 0.022c,e, pη2 = 0.09

Time since first reported RBD symptoms in years

n.a.

10.32 (5.32) [1.92–20.52]

9.59 (7.17) [1.97–30.93]

8.80 (6.44) [2.39–27.34]

F(2,64) = 0.3,

p = 0.744, pη2 = 0.01

RBDSQ total score

1.77 (1.37) [0–5]

8.78 (3.13) [0.00–12.00]

9.25 (2.63) [3.00–13.00]

8.26 (2.49) [2.00–12.00]

F(3,100) = 52,

p < 0.001a,b,c, pη2 = 0.61

MDS-UPDRS-III total score

4.00 (3.93) [0–14]

4.94 (5.09) [0–19]

5.15 (4.36) [0–15]

5.09 (4.39) [1–17]

F(3,62) = 0.27,

p = 0.849, pη2 = 0.01

Purdue Pegboard, dominant hand

–0.07 (0.85) [–1.93–1.38]

–0.74 (0.71) [–2.07–0.42]

–0.68 (0.84) [–3.25–1.15]

–1.08 (1.02) [–3.03–0.70]

F(3,103) = 6.2,

p = 0.001a,b,c, pη2 = 0.15

BDI-II total score

1.41 (1.80) [0–7]

2.52 (2.72) [0.00–12.00]

8.55 (6.13) [1–28]

7.00 (6.67) [0–25]

F(3,103) = 14.23,

p < 0.001b,c,d,e, pη2 = 0.29

NMSQ total score

2.15 (1.90) [0–8]

5.30 (2.63) [0–12]

7.62 (3.93) [2–15]

7.04 (4.24) [0–18]

F(3,103) = 15.09,

p < 0.001a,b,c,d,e, pη2 = 0.31

NMSQ memory problems, Item 12, “yes”

2 (7.4%)

7 (25.9%)

14 (48.3%)

11 (45.8%)

χ2(3) = 13.835, p = 0.003

NMSQ attentional difficulties, Item 15, “yes”

1 (3.7%)

2 (7.4%)

12 (41.4%)

10 (41.7%)

χ2(3) = 19.474, p < 0.001

NMSQ anxiety, Item 17, “yes”

0 (0%)

1 (3.70%)

2 (6.90%)

2 (8.33%)

χ2(3) = 2.385, p = 0.496

MoCA total score*

27.26 (1.91) [24–30]

26.44 (1.99) [23–30]

26.76 (2.06) [23–30]

25.25 (1.82) [23–29]

F(3,102) = 4.18,

p = 0.008c,f, pη2 = 0.11

Global cognition*

0.52 (0.21) [0.16–1.01]

0.59 (0.23) [0.13–1.18]

0.43 (0.28) [–0.01–1.23]

0.08 (0.31) [–0.44–0.74]

F(3,102) = 16.96,

p < 0.001c,d,e,f, pη2 = 0.33

Executive functions*

0.49 (0.35) [–0.06–1.19]

0.59 (0.35) [0.02–1.20]

0.45 (0.41) [–0.63–1.25]

0.04 (0.60) [–1.19–1.42]

F(3,102) = 7,

p < 0.001c,e,f, pη2 = 0.17

Attention & working memory*

0.69 (0.54) [–0.25–1.75]

0.71 (0.48) [–0.40–1.92]

0.53 (0.54) [–0.53–1.99]

0.22 (0.60) [–0.60–1.49]

F(3,102) = 5.48,

p = 0.002b,c,d,e,f, pη2 = 0.14

Memory*

0.49 (0.61) [–0.69–1.50]

0.57 (0.45) [–0.18–1.39]

0.42 (0.55) [–0.69–1.68]

–0.22 (0.54) [–1.21–0.65]

F(3,102) = 9.55,

p < 0.001c,e,f, pη2 = 0.22

Visuo-cognition*

0.66 (0.29) [–0.06–1.32]

0.67 (0.31) [0.05–1.32]

0.56 (0.38) [–0.38–1.27]

0.35 (0.47) [–0.38–1.37]

F(3,102) = 4.73,

p = 0.004c,e, pη2 = 0.12

Language*

0.27 (0.26) [–0.25–0.71]

0.32 (0.27) [–0.25–0.85]

0.15 (0.40) [–0.74–1.06]

0.03 (0.36) [–0.83–0.55]

F(3,102) = 3.13,

p = 0.029c,e, pη2 = 0.08

Social cognition*

–0.39 (1.17) [–2.33–2.33]

–0.45 (0.82) [–2.33–0.81]

–0.71 (0.99) [–2.33–1.88]

–0.82 (0.87) [–2.33–0.92]

F(3,102) = 0.39,

p = 0.763, pη2 = 0.01

  1. Data are mean (standard deviation) [range: minimum - maximum] unless indicated otherwise. The main effect of group (HC, RBD.SCD–, RBD.SCD+, and RBD.MCI) of an ANOVA model (or *ANCOVA model adjusted for depressive symptoms for cognitive scores) is reported. Significant models appear in bold. If p < 0.010, significant post hoc t-tests based on the estimated marginal means controlling the false discovery rate (FDR) across multiple comparisons are indicated as follows: aHC vs. RBD.SCD–, bHC vs. RBD.SCD+, cHC vs. RBD.MCI, dRBD.SCD– vs. RBD.SCD+, eRBD.SCD– vs. RBD.MCI, fRBD.SCD+ vs. RBD.MCI. For details, see Fig. 2 and Supplementary Table 3.
  2. BDI-II Beck Depression Inventory, HC healthy controls, MCI mild cognitive impairment, MDS-UPDRS-III Movement Disorder Society Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale, MoCA Montréal Cognitive Assessment, NMSQ Non-Motor Symptoms Questionnaire, RBD REM sleep behavior disorder, RBDSQ REM Sleep Behavior Sisorder Screening Questionnaire, SCD subjective cognitive decline.
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