Table 2 Relative risk for patients exposed to COPD compared to patients unexposed to COPD.

From: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease as a risk factor in primary care: a Canadian retrospective cohort study

Comorbidity

Comorbidity incidence after baseline (%)

Unadjusted results

Adjusted results

  

RR

p value

Lower 95% CI

Upper 95% CI

ARRa

p value

Lower 95% CI

Upper 95% CI

Anemia

10,322 (7.8)

1.82

<0.001

1.69

1.96

1.55

<0.001

1.44

1.67

Anxiety

32,853 (25.9)

1.20

<0.001

0.97

1.08

1.34

<0.001

1.28

1.41

Diabetes

20,533 (16.1)

1.45

<0.001

1.39

1.53

1.15

<0.001

1.09

1.22

Depression

21,003 (16.3)

1.63

<0.001

1.55

1.71

1.68

<0.001

1.59

1.76

Heart failure

3527 (2.7)

4.77

<0.001

4.36

5.20

2.64b

<0.001

2.40

2.90

Hypertension

43,043 (35.5)

1.45

<0.001

1.40

1.49

1.10b

<0.001

1.06

1.16

Ischemic heart disease

12.237 (9.4)

2.19

<0.001

2.06

2.33

1.44b

<0.001

1.35

1.55

Lung cancer

90 (0.07)

11.89

<0.001

7.58

18.65

7.57

<0.001

4.74

12.09

Osteoporosis

13,421 (10.3)

1.81

<0.001

1.70

1.93

1.34b

<0.001

1.25

1.44

Sleep apnea

2734 (2.1)

1.81

<0.001

1.55

2.11

1.82

<0.001

1.56

2.12

Underweightc

834 (0.8)

4.12

<0.001

3.38

5.04

4.23

<0.001

3.44

5.20

  1. aRelative risk for patients exposed to COPD compared to patients not exposed to COPD (adjusted for: age, sex, smoking status, and urban/rural postal code).
  2. bPoisson distribution was applied and incidence rate ratios (IRRs) were produced instead of relative risk (RR).
  3. cThe median of all available BMI records on or after 01.01.2013 was used to compute a single BMI measure for each patient. Patients with a BMI under 18.5 were considered underweight; the analysis was conducted with the assumption that patients without an underweight BMI are not underweight.
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