Table 4 Impact of asthma online training on school staff’s knowledge.

From: Effectiveness of online asthma training programmes to improve asthma management among school staff: a systematic review using the Kirkpatrick evaluation model

Author, year

Intervention

Score range (lowest - highest)

Pre-intervention test score (mean)

Post-intervention test score (mean)

Change in mean score

% Change in mean score

P-value for change in score (pre vs post)

P-value for change in score (between groups)

Effect size (Cohen’s d)

Pre-post studies

Francisco et al.34

Web-based module

0–100

49.10

90.70

41.60

84.73

<0.001

N/A

SD NR

Hacker-Taylor35

Web-based module

0–30

22.58

27.75

5.17

22.90

<0.001

N/A

*1.258

Luckie et al.33

Web-based module

0–14

7.90

11.10

3.20

40.51

NR

N/A

SD NR

McAuliff36

PowerPoint presentation

0–31

30.30

42.70

12.40

40.92

0.001

N/A

*3.409

aNowakowski et al.37

Web-based module

0–100

82.60

87.00

4.40

5.33

NR

N/A

SD NR

Nwabuzor38

Google Classroom

0–24

16.71

19.14

2.43

14.54

0.005

N/A

*0.734

Randomised controlled trials (RCTs)

Francis et al.32

eBook

0–14

9.78

11.72

1.94

19.84

<0.0001

0.110

*0.779

Face-to-face training

0–14

9.64

12.04

2.40

24.90

<0.0001

*1.023

Non-randomised controlled studies

Putman-Casdorph & Pinto39

Wimba Classroom (Synchronous)

0–20

15.80

16.80

1.00

6.33

NR

No significant difference (P-value NR)

0.537

Wimba Classroom (Asynchronous)

0–20

16.80

17.20

0.40

2.38

NR

0.138

Control

0–20

14.80

15.40

0.60

4.05

NR

0.246

  1. Effect sizes are reported using Cohen’s d; Bold with asterisk (*) indicates a large effect size (d > 0.6), bold only indicates a medium effect size (d = 0.2–0.6), normal text indicates a small effect size (d < 0.2).
  2. NR not reported, N/A not applicable, SD standard deviation.
  3. aThe marks are the average percentage of correct responses for each item in the asthma knowledge assessment, not the average mark for participants.
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