Fig. 2: Illustration of the solution space \({\mathcal{L}}\) (yellow dots) of Eq. (6) for a fixed graph Γ in a hypothetical scenario with n = 3 qubits.

The ambient space is the d-dimensional null space of the binary matrix M defined in Eq. (9). In this example, \({\mathcal{L}}\) is the intersection of three quadric hypersurfaces \({{\mathcal{L}}}_{1}\) (red), \({{\mathcal{L}}}_{2}\) (green), and \({{\mathcal{L}}}_{3}\) (blue). Every hypersurface \({{\mathcal{L}}}_{i}\) is the union of four non-intersecting affine subspaces \({{\mathcal{A}}}_{i}\), \({{\mathcal{B}}}_{i}\), \({{\mathcal{C}}}_{i}\), and \({{\mathcal{D}}}_{i}\) (parallel lines) defined in Eqs. (15)–(18).