Fig. 4

Element-specific magnetization curves for the Ni L3-edge of X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) spectra with applied electric field. The photon energy was fixed at the Ni L3-edge in the partial fluorescence yield (PFY) mode. Normal incidence setup was adopted. a Increasing the electric field from 0 up to 8 kV/cm, and b decreasing the electric field from 8 to 0 kV/cm