Fig. 2: Cellular adaptions in response to exercise.
From: Targets identified from exercised heart: killing multiple birds with one stone
In endothelial cells, exercise inhibits ROS (reactive oxygen species) production and promotes NO (nitric oxide) production as well as EV (extracellular vesicles) secretion. Exercise also inhibits ROS and improves antioxidative capacity of cardiac fibroblasts. Besides, exercise induces a rapid increase in macrophage and neutrophil number, whereas decrease in lymphocyte number. All these adaptions directly or nondirectly contributes to exercise-induced cardiomyocyte proliferation and physiological hypertrophy.
