Fig. 6: The targets identified from exercised hearts and their mechanism: killing multiple birds with one stone.

In this section, we give an insight on exercise-induced cardioprotection, which includes (1) promoting cardiomyocytes proliferation; (2) facilitating cardiomyocytes growth and physiologic hypertrophy; (3) elevating the anti-apoptosis capacity of cardiomyocyte; (4) promoting vascular endothelial function; (5) inhibiting pathological remodeling and fibrosis; (6) promoting EVs production and exosomal-molecular transfer to cardiomyocytes.