Fig. 1: FP-TEBs exhibit appreciable osteogenic and angiogenic capacities.

a Schematic diagram of the experiments for assessing the osteogenic and angiogenic effects. b Representative Micro-fill perfusion images of bone defect areas from C57 mice treated with DBM, TEBs, and FP-TEBs at 2 weeks postoperatively. c Representative coimmunostaining images with quantification ofcell numbers in critical-size bone defects at 2 weeks postoperatively (n = 5). White arrows, staining-positive cells. Scale bar, 10 μm. d Comparison of mRNA and protein expression of osteogenic markers in critical-size bone defects at 2 weeks postoperatively (n = 3). e Micro-CT reconstruction and quantitative analysis of the bone volume (BV), Tb. Sp (Trabecular separation), and Tb. Th (Trabecular thickness) of bone defect areas at 4 weeks postoperatively (n = 5). Dotted straight red line indicates the area of interest for quantitative analysis. f At 4 week postoperatively, H&E and Masson staining were performed to evaluate the osteogenic activity in implants. Dotted straight black line indicates the femur-implant junction (I, implant area). Black short arrows, osteocytes. Yellow arrows, chondrocyte-like cells. Black arrows, osteoblasts. Scale bars, 500 µm. Data are presented as the mean ± SEM. **P < 0.01.