Fig. 2
Normal SW amplitudes but reduced learning-dependent SW coherence in SCZ during NREM sleep. a EEG recording configuration. EEG recording positions diagram as defined by the 10–20 system. b Example SW. Overlay plot of all automatically detected raw EEG SW from one healthy control (CON) and one patient (SCZ) during baseline NREM sleep at electrode F3. c Wave- triggered averages of detected SW at F3, Cz and O1. Wave-triggered SW averages in controls (dark blue: baseline, light blue: learning, error areas show standard error of mean, SEM) and patients (dark red: baseline, light red: learning, error areas show standard error of mean). d Example EEG traces during SW at F3 in CON and SCZ. Example of an automatically detected SW at F3 and the corresponding 1-s window of simultaneously recorded activity across all other electrodes. e Average SW-triggered multi-tapered coherograms between F3 and O1 during NREM sleep. All trough times from SWs detected at F3 were used to select a ± 2-s window at F3 and O1 to compute group- and night-averaged sliding-window multi-taper coherograms (included F3–O1 pairs: NCON = 11, NSCZ = 14). Wave-triggered averages of SWs at the trigger channel (F3, top trace) and target channel (O1, bottom trace) are overlaid. f Average SW-triggered coherency during NREM sleep. All peak times from SWs detected at F3 were used to compute the group- and night-averaged coherency between F3 and O1 in a ± 2-s window (included F3–O1 pairs: NCON = 11, NSCZ = 14) including jackknife 95% intervals (shaded error areas). g Interaction plot for average SW-triggered slow (0.5–1.5 Hz) coherence. Least-squares estimates of the group means with 95% confidence intervals from a linear mixed-model analysis of 0.5–1.5 Hz coherence values (*p < 0.05; see supplementary information M2 for mixed-model statistics). h Brain-wide differences in SW-triggered slow coherence. Average coherence values (0.5–1.5 Hz, ± 2 s around SW) during baseline and learning in each group were plotted in coherence matrices set by electrode location on the scalp. Night and group differences are shown next to average values (as labelled)
