Table 1 Participants’ baseline characteristics.

From: Effects of Toxoplasma gondii infection on cognition, symptoms, and response to digital cognitive training in schizophrenia

 

All subjects (n = 60)

TOXO− (n = 35)

TOXO+ (n = 25)

Statistics

 

Median (SD or range)

Uncorrected t or X2 (p)a

Age-corrected β or F (p)b

Age (years)

42 (18–60)

36 (18–55)

45 (21–60)

4.09 (0.04)

 

Female/male

18/44

10/27

8/17

0.17 (0.67)

 

Education (years)

12 (4–19)

12 (7–19)

12 (4–16)

1.70 (0.09)

 

IQ

100 (13)

106 (13)

95 (13)

1.85 (0.07)

 

Years of Illness

14.5 (1–41)

13 (1–37)

18 (4–41)

−1.34 (0.19)

 

CPZ equivalent (mg)

332 (406)

332 (350)

319 (488)

0.01 (0.91)

 

Social Development Index

0.63 (0.10)

0.67 (0.10)

0.60 (0.10)

1.72 (0.18)

 

Baseline cognition (z-scores)

Speed of processing

−0.69 (2.28)

−0.37 (2.20)

−1.30 (2.37)

1.42 (0.23)

−0.19 (0.80)

Attention

−0.91 (1.41)

−0.76 (1.17)

−1.27 (1.56)

2.41 (0.01)

−0.55 (0.32)

Working memory

−0.34 (1.14)

−0.27 (1.25)

−0.54 (0.87)

1.63 (0.10)

1.91 (0.17)

Verbal memory and learning

−0.24 (1.15)

−0,13 (1.19)

−0.33 (0.97)

3.26 (0.07)

4.48 (0.03)

Visual memory and learning

−1.45 (1.49)

−1,13 (1.35)

−1.87 (1.64)

1.22 (0.22)

0.17 (0.67)

Reasoning and problem solving

0.15 (0.69)

0,15 (0.61)

0.11 (0.80)

0.03 (0.85)

−0.00 (0.99)

Social cognition

−0.28 (0.72)

0,05 (0.74)

−0.63 (0.59)

2.52 (0.01)

5.71 (0.02)

Global cognition

−0.70 (0.83)

−0.34 (0.78)

−1.00 (0.82)

2.59 (0.01)

3.78 (0.05)

Baseline clinical measures (range)

HAM-D (0–54)

5 (5)

5 (5)

5 (6)

0.07 (0.78)

0.00 (1.00)

HAM-A (0–56)

4 (6)

5 (6)

4 (6)

0.13 (0.71)

1.00 (0.57)

PANSS Positive score (7–49)

13 (5)

13 (5)

13 (5)

0.00 (0.60)

0.19 (0.66)

PANSS Negative score (7–49)

15 (6)

16 (6)

15 (5)

0.98 (0.65)

0.32 (0.57)

PANSS General score (16–112)

28 (7)

29 (6)

28 (7)

0.02 (0.49)

0.38 (0.53)

PANSS Total Score (30–210)

57 (14)

57 (15)

56 (13)

0.82 (0.49)

0.45 (0.50)

Serological profile

T T. gondii IgM titersc

 

6.05 (2.45–65.7)

8.57 (2.66–64.6)

  

T. gondii IgG titersd

 

5.66 (0.71–19.2)

89.60 (22.2–99.6)

  
  1. aIn the first column we compared TOXO+ and TOXO− groups using either t-test (two-tailed) for normal distributed variables (Years of illness, IQ and Education, Attention, working memory, spatial memory, social, and global cognition, PANSS Negative and Total) or Kruskal-Wallis equality-of-populations rank test for non-normal distributions (Age, CPZ, Social Development Index, Speed of processing, verbal memory, reasoning and problem solving, HAM-A, HAM-D, PANSS Positive and General).
  2. bIn the second column, General linear models were used to control for age within variables that respected homoscedasticity (Verbal Memory, Working Memory, Spatial Memory, Social Cognition, Global Cognition and all PANSS scores), and Quantile Regression was used to non-parametric models (Attention, Speed of Processing, Problem Solving, HAM-D and HAM-A).
  3. cPositive reference > 80.
  4. dPositive reference > 20.
  5. IQ Intelligence quotient, CPZ Chlorpromazine, HAM-D Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, HAM-A Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, PANSS Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale.
  6. Bold values show p values < 0.05.
  7. Italic numbers trend towards significance.
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