Table 2 Baseline and endpoint cognitive and clinical data of the TOXO− and TOXO+ patients who completed the digital cognitive training.

From: Effects of Toxoplasma gondii infection on cognition, symptoms, and response to digital cognitive training in schizophrenia

 

TOXO− (n = 24)

TOXO+ (n = 24)

Baseline comparison

Changes’ comparison

 

baseline

endpoint

change

baseline

endpoint

change

 

Mean (SD)

t or x2 (p)a

Cognition (z-scores)

Speed of processing

−1.2 (2.4)

−1.7 (2.5)

−0.5 (2.3)

−1.7 (2.4)

−1.6 (2.0)

−0.1 (1.9)

0.55 (0.5)

0.14 (0.7)

Attention

−1.0 (1.1)

−0.5 (0.9)

0.4 (0.7)

−1.8 (1.5)

−1.1 (1.3)

0.7 (1.1)

2.10 (0.04)

−0.81 (0.4)

Working memory

0.0 (1.1)

0.0 (0.7)

0.0 (0.8)

−0.5 (0.9)

−0.4 (1.0)

0.1 (0.8)

1.81 (0.08)

−0.42 (0.7)

Verbal memory and learning

0.1 (1.1)

0.0 (1.1)

−0.1 (0.9)

−0.4 (1.0)

−0.3 (1.0)

0.1 (0.7)

1.79 (0.08)

−0.85 (0.4)

Visual memory and learning

−1.5 (1.5)

−1.0 (1.7)

0.5 (1.4)

−1.8 (1.7)

1.4 (1.6)

0.4 (1.4)

0.54 (0.6)

0.22 (0.8)

Reasoning and problem solving

−0.1 (0.6)

0.3 (0.5)

0.4 (0.5)

−0.1 (0.8)

0.3 (0.3)

0.4 (0.7)

0.52 (0.46)

0.28 (0.6)

Social cognition

−0.3 (0.7)

−0.2 (0.7)

0.1 (0.4)

−0.6 (0.5)

−0.2 (0.7)

0.3 (0.6)

1.35 (0.18)

−1.23 (0.2)

Global cognition

−0.6 (0.7)

−0.5 (0.7)

0.1 (0.4)

−1.0 (0.8)

−0.7 (0.7)

0.3 (0.5)

1.86 (0.07)

−1.68 (0.1)

Symptoms (raw data)

HAM-D

6.5 (5.4)

4.9 (3.7)

−1.6 (5.0)

6.2 (5.4)

6.2 (5.0)

0.2 (4.2)

0.17 (0.8)

−1.03 (0.3)

HAM-A

6.6 (5.4)

5.6 (5.1)

−1.0 (6.5)

7.2 (6.9)

6.1 (6.3)

−1.1 (5.5)

−0.29 (0.7)

0.07 (0.9)

PANSS Positive

14.0 (4.9)

11.9 (4.9)

−1.5 (3.2)

13.4 (4.9)

10.3 (3.6)

−2.9 (3.5)

0.45 (0.6)

1.44 (0.1)

PANSS Negative

17.2 (6.6)

16.3 (7.9)

−0.5 (6.3)

14.3 (4.7)

14.2 (5.0)

−0.8 (4.7)

1.64 (0.1)

0.14 (0.9)

PANSS General

29.7 (8.9)

26.2 (5.4)

−3.2 (7.0)

27.1 (5.4)

25.6 (6.4)

−1.5 (5.7)

1.20 (0.2)

−0.90 (0.3)

PANSS Total

61.0 (17.4)

54.4 (12.6)

−5.3 (11.8)

55.0 (12.1)

51.0 (9.8)

−4.4 (8.3)

1.36 (0.1)

−0.30 (0.7)

  1. aKruskal Wallis equality-of-populations rank test was used to compare speed of processing and reasoning and problem-solving z-scores, which did not present normal distribution. All the other variables had normal data distribution and were compared using a t-test (two-tailed). HAM-D Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, HAM-A Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, PANSS Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale.
  2. Bold values show p values < 0.05.
  3. Italic numbers trend towards significance.
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