Table 2 Between-Group differences in continuous outcome measures after treatment (T1) and at 1-year follow-up (T2) vs. baseline (T0).

From: A pilot 1-year follow-up randomised controlled trial comparing metacognitive training to psychoeducation in schizophrenia: effects on insight

 

MCT

PSE

Between-group differences

 

T0 N = 18

T1 N = 18

T2 N = 15

T0 N = 16

T1 N = 16

T2 N = 13

T0 vs. T1

T0 vs. T2

 

Mean (SD)

Mean (SD)

Mean (SD)

Mean (SD)

Mean (SD)

Mean (SD)

d

P

d

P

Co-primary outcomes

          

Clinical insight (SAI-E)

          

 Illness recognition

5.39 (2.50)

5.61 (2.48)

5.73 (2.91)

6.00 (2.99)

5.87 (2.87)

6.23 (2.77)

0.21

0.55

0.21

0.58

 Symptom relabelling

4.78 (2.26)

5.94 (3.17)

6.13 (2.42)

6.00 (1.32)

5.56 (2.47)

6.38 (3.15)

0.56

0.11

0.23

0.56

 Treatment compliance

4.50 (1.54)

4.50 (1.58)

5.13 (1.19)

4.88 (1.54)

4.62 (1.54)

4.92 (1.19)

0.15

0.65

0.39

0.31

 Total insight

14.67 (4.87)

16.05 (5.80)

17.00 (4.97)

16.88 (4.69)

16.06 (5.13)

17.53 (4.86)

0.52

0.13

0.21

0.58

Cognitive insight (BCIS)

 Self-reflectiveness

16.11 (5.21)

16.89 (5.29)

17.00 (5.41)

15.63 (4.67)

15.56 (4.02)

15.92 (3.37)

0.21

0.54

0.19

0.61

 Self-certainty

7.24 (3.49)

7.28 (4.38)

7.27 (3.71)

6.73 (3.06)

6.81 (3.45)

7.46 (3.73)

−0.10

0.77

−0.14

0.70

 Composite index

9.12 (7.92)

9.61 (8.48)

9.73 (8.38)

8.87 (5.14)

8.75 (4.93)

9.08 (3.89)

0.29

0.40

0.15

0.69

Secondary outcomes

Symptomatic severity

 PANSS—Positive

7.72 (2.70)

8.11 (3.80)

7.33 (2.16)

9.20 (3.87)

7.50 (3.14)

7.69 (3.22)

0.69

0.05

−0.03

0.94

 PANSS—Negative

12.89 (5.99)

14.61 (6.63)

13.67 (5.45)

16.00 (5.12)

17.38 (5.49)

17.38 (2.90)

0.06

0.87

−0.31

0.44

 PANSS—Disorg.

5.22 (3.19)

5.50 (2.26)

5.47 (2.42)

6.25 (2.21)

6.75 (2.08)

6.85 (2.07)

−0.09

0.78

0.13

0.74

 PANSS—Mania

6.39 (2.19)

6.39 (3.22)

6.20 (2.43)

5.69 (1.99)

5.75 (1.84)

8.08 (2.46)

−0.02

0.94

−1.21

0.01

 PANSS—Depression

7.94 (2.88)

6.11 (3.01)

5.73 (2.46)

6.81 (3.10)

6.88 (3.01)

6.69 (2.78)

−0.65

0.07

−0.76

0.05

 CDSS (total)

3.50 (3.87)

3.11 (3.53)

2.40 (3.29)

4.69 (4.03)

4.69 (4.76)

5.08 (4.96)

−0.15

0.68

−0.53

0.16

Theory of Mind

 ERTF

16.56 (2.20)

16.89 (1.87)

17.27 (1.49)

17.31 (2.30)

18.00 (2.00)

17.46 (1.90)

−0.20

0.57

0.09

0.81

 Hinting Task

2.33 (1.41)

2.22 (1.35)

2.53 (0.99)

2.38 (1.45)

2.13 (1.50)

2.46 (0.97)

0.09

0.79

−0.15

0.70

Functioning

 GAF

64.56 (9.51)

62.06 (9.86)

61.47 (10.71)

60.88 (7.85)

59.94 (8.70)

58.46 (7.48)

−0.18

0.59

−0.18

0.63

 WHODAS

13.89 (7.47)

14.61 (10.60)

12.40 (9.80)

21.33 (12.93)

22.00 (13.97)

19.31 (10.63)

−0.11

0.74

−0.07

0.85

 SLDS

81.71 (10.81)

84.00 (13.32)

87.36 (9.18)

72.88 (12.07)

74.69 (14.64)

79.31 (14.21)

0.09

0.79

0.05

0.91

  1. MCT Metacognitive Training, PSE Psychoeducation, d Cohen’s d (effect size), SAI-E Schedule for Assessment of Insight, Expanded Version (Kemp & David78), BCIS Beck Cognitive Insight Scale (Beck et al.15), PANSS Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale for Schizophrenia (Kay et al.86), CDSS Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia (Addington et al.59), ERTF Emotions Recognition Test Faces (Baron-Cohen et al.51), GAF General Assessment of Functioning (Endicott et al.92), WHODAS World Health Organization Disability Schedule (Üstün93), SLDS Satisfaction Life Domains Scale (Carlson et al.94).
  2. Student’s t test examined between-group differences in presented continuous variables changes from T0 to T1 and from T0 to T2, which are reported in the right four columns as effect sizes, namely Cohen’s d and the corresponding P value.
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