Table 5 The statistical comparisons and effect sizes of symptom reduction from baseline.

From: Alpha transcranial alternating current stimulation reduces depressive symptoms in people with schizophrenia and auditory hallucinations: a double-blind, randomized pilot clinical trial

 

Day 5

2-month follow-up

Outcome\treatment

tACS

Sham

tACS

Sham

AHRS

t13 = 0.416

t10 = −0.089

t13 = −1.68

t10 = −0.792

p = 0.658

p = 0.465

p = 0.058†

p = 0.223

d = 0.111

d = −0.026

i = −0.450

i = −0.239

HPSVQ

t13 = −0.28

i10 = −1.69

t13 = −1.16

t10 = −2.08

p = 0.390

p = 0.060†

p = 0.134

p = 0.032*

d = −0.076

d = −0.511

d = −0.309

d = −0.628

PANSS

    

–total

t13 = −1.87

t10 = −0.451

t13 = −1.18

t10 = −2.43

p = 0.042*

p = 0.331

p = 0.130

p = 0.018*

d = −0.499

d = −0.136

d = −0.314

d = −0.734

–Positive symptoms

t13 = −1.06

t10 = −0.396

t13 = −1.11

t10 = −2.14

p = 0.155

p = 0.350

p = 0.143

p = 0.029*

d = −0.283

d = −0.120

d = −0.297

d = −0.645

–Negative symptoms

t13 = 0

t10 = 0.1

t13 = 0.764

t10 = −1.69

p = 0.5

p = 0.539

p = 0.771

p = 0.060†

d = 0

d = 0.030

d = 0.204

d = −0.512

–General psychopathology

t13 = −2.58

t10 = −0.470

t13 = −1.98

t10 = −1.87

p = 0.011*

p = 0.324

p = 0.034*

p = 0.046*

d = −0.690

d = −0.142

d = −0.530

d = −0.563

–Hallucinations

t13 = 0

t10 = −0.559

t13 = −1.38

t10 = −1

p = 0.5

p = 0.294

p = 0.095†

p = 0.170

d = 0

d = −0.169

d = −0.370

d = −0.302

  1. Statistical results shown are based on paired t tests of the decrease of symptom scores from baseline at the end of the treatment week (Day 5) and the end of the maintenance period (2-month follow-up) for participants who received 5-day tACS or sham stimulation during the treatment week. Bold: statistically significant results. P-values were computed using left-tail paired t tests. (*p < 0.05. †p < 0.10).
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