Table 2 Comparison of clinical and self-rating scales between the VBM and VR control groups.

From: Effects and safety of virtual reality-based mindfulness in patients with psychosis: a randomized controlled pilot study

Scales

VBM (n = 29–33)

VR control (n = 25–28)

Main effect

Group × Time interactions

Group

Time

Before 1st session

After 8th session

Change

Pa

Before 1st session

After 8th session

Change

Pa

F

Pb

F

Pb

F

Pb

EQ

29.17 (7.81)

30.86 (7.02)

1.69 (3.63)

0.029

31.60 (5.56)

32.24 (7.77)

0.64 (5.38)

0.557

0.33

0.569

3.88

0.052

0.73

0.394

K-PSYRATS-D

 Total

5.52 (7.21)

4.33 (6.02)

–1.18 (2.46)

0.009

4.61 (5.67)

4.11 (5.43)

–0.50 (1.80)

0.152

1.01

0.317

11.06

0.001

1.69

0.196

 Amount of preoccupation

0.91 (1.18)

0.73 (1.01)

–0.18 (0.46)

0.032

0.82 (1.09)

0.71 (1.05)

–0.11 (0.50)

0.264

0.25

0.620

6.32

0.013

0.40

0.527

 Duration of preoccupation

1.09 (1.40)

0.79 (1.11)

–0.30 (0.68)

0.016

0.75 (0.89)

0.71 (0.90)

–0.04 (0.43)

0.663

1.65

0.202

6.74

0.011

3.68

0.058

 Conviction

1.06 (1.46)

0.94 (1.39)

–0.12 (0.48)

0.160

1.18 (1.44)

1.11 (1.45)

–0.07 (0.38)

0.326

0.27

0.607

3.11

0.080

0.20

0.657

 Disruption

0.61 (0.83)

0.45 (0.67)

–0.15 (0.36)

0.023

0.43 (0.50)

0.36 (0.49)

–0.07 (0.38)

0.326

0.33

0.565

10.66

0.001

1.29

0.259

 Amount of distress

1.09 (1.53)

0.79 (1.17)

–0.30 (0.68)

0.016

0.82 (1.19)

0.68 (0.98)

–0.14 (0.52)

0.161

0.03

0.858

2.79

0.097

0.18

0.674

 Intensity of distress

0.76 (1.03)

0.64 (0.96)

–0.12 (0.48)

0.160

0.61 (0.92)

0.54 (0.84)

–0.07 (0.47)

0.424

0.11

0.738

6.76

0.011

0.82

0.368

K-PSYRATS-AHs

 Total

9.31 (11.19)

8.12 (11.07)

–1.19 (4.60)

0.155

3.08 (6.56)

1.84 (5.06)

–1.24 (4.11)

0.144

0.76

0.386

4.56

0.035

0.00

0.963

 Frequency

1.12 (1.39)

0.91 (1.35)

–0.22 (0.71)

0.090

0.36 (0.91)

0.16 (0.62)

–0.20 (0.65)

0.134

0.84

0.360

5.96

0.016

0.01

0.914

 Duration

0.75 (1.02)

0.66 (0.94)

–0.09 (0.47)

0.263

0.32 (0.75)

0.16 (0.62)

–0.16 (0.47)

0.103

1.82

0.180

4.31

0.040

0.31

0.580

 Location

0.66 (0.94)

0.59 (0.87)

–0.06 (0.80)

0.662

0.24 (0.52)

0.16 (0.62)

–0.08 (0.40)

0.327

0.94

0.336

0.71

0.401

0.01

0.917

 Loudness

0.72 (0.99)

0.62 (1.01)

–0.09 (0.47)

0.263

0.32 (0.63)

0.24 (0.66)

–0.08 (0.70)

0.574

0.19

0.664

1.35

0.248

0.01

0.928

 Amount of negative content

0.88 (1.29)

0.75 (1.19)

–0.12 (0.55)

0.211

0.40 (0.91)

0.36 (0.91)

–0.04 (0.20)

0.327

0.04

0.833

2.42

0.123

0.56

0.456

 Degree of negative content

0.56 (0.76)

0.50 (0.76)

–0.06 (0.44)

0.423

0.16 (0.47)

0.04 (0.20)

–0.12 (0.44)

0.185

1.40

0.239

0.05

0.828

0.47

0.495

 Amount of distress

1.31 (1.64)

1.00 (1.48)

–0.31 (0.97)

0.077

0.36 (0.91)

0.20 (0.71)

–0.16 (0.62)

0.212

0.80

0.372

0.44

0.511

0.09

0.762

 Intensity of distress

0.83 (1.11)

0.77 (1.10)

–0.05 (0.53)

0.561

0.23 (0.59)

0.13 (0.46)

–0.10 (0.32)

0.134

0.73

0.394

4.90

0.029

0.00

0.964

 Belief re-origin of voices

0.84 (1.27)

0.81 (1.28)

–0.03 (0.74)

0.813

0.28 (0.79)

0.20 (0.71)

–0.08 (0.40)

0.327

1.90

0.171

2.90

0.091

0.04

0.834

 Disruption

0.84 (1.08)

0.72 (1.05)

–0.12 (0.49)

0.161

0.20 (0.50)

0.08 (0.40)

–0.12 (0.33)

0.083

2.57

0.112

2.56

0.113

0.27

0.604

 Controllability

0.66 (0.94)

0.56 (0.88)

–0.09 (0.59)

0.374

0.16 (0.37)

0.04 (0.20)

–0.12 (0.33)

0.083

0.34

0.561

5.56

0.020

0.53

0.469

PANSS

 Total

48.68 (11.44)

43.03 (9.81)

–5.65 (4.96)

<0.001

47.93 (9.55)

43.33 (10.16)

–4.59 (5.27)

<0.001

0.50

0.482

62.58

<0.001

0.65

0.422

 Positive symptoms

11.71 (3.61)

10.58 (3.12)

–1.13 (1.71)

<0.001

12.70 (4.48)

11.11 (3.69)

–1.59 (1.87)

<0.001

0.26

0.613

38.55

<0.001

1.14

0.288

 Negative symptoms

11.35 (3.92)

11.74 (3.63)

0.39 (3.45)

0.537

10.81 (2.99)

12.56 (4.73)

1.74 (4.05)

0.034

1.45

0.232

4.51

0.036

1.99

0.162

 General psychopathology

25.61 (5.93)

22.16 (5.01)

–3.45 (3.24)

<0.001

24.41 (4.70)

22.44 (5.39)

–1.96 (3.76)

0.016

1.78

0.186

38.67

<0.001

2.80

0.097

 BDI

11.39 (7.90)

10.84 (8.70)

–0.55 (6.66)

0.553

8.64 (7.12)

6.68 (7.30)

–1.96 (3.40)

0.009

1.70

0.195

2.68

0.105

0.95

0.332

 Severity of suicidal ideationc

0.68 (1.13)

0.23 (0.61)

–0.45 (1.14)

0.076

0.79 (1.27)

0.47 (0.96)

–0.32 (1.11)

0.230

0.53

0.471

6.88

0.011

0.22

0.643

MAP-SR

 Total

27.16 (14.12)

26.59 (12.40)

–0.56 (9.71)

0.837

33.16 (9.47)

31.32 (12.02)

–1.84 (9.32)

0.333

0.05

0.825

0.85

0.359

0.27

0.604

 Social pleasure

5.56 (3.26)

5.41 (3.20)

–0.16 (2.58)

0.734

6.60 (2.35)

6.52 (2.45)

–0.08 (2.60)

0.886

0.54

0.466

0.14

0.708

0.01

0.908

 Recreational or work pleasure

5.91 (3.50)

5.19 (3.65)

–0.72 (2.62)

0.131

6.24 (2.44)

6.24 (2.74)

0.00 (2.10)

0.965

1.60

0.209

1.66

0.200

1.30

0.257

 Feelings and motivations about close, caring relationships

5.09 (3.14)

5.72 (2.34)

0.62 (2.41)

0.118

7.12 (2.86)

6.16 (3.16)

–0.96 (3.38)

0.169

0.42

0.519

0.04

0.841

5.06

0.027

 Motivation and effort to engage in activities

10.78 (5.59)

10.28 (5.56)

–0.50 (4.65)

0.508

13.20 (4.44)

12.40 (5.41)

–0.80 (4.37)

0.299

0.15

0.702

1.17

0.281

0.07

0.799

  1. EQ Experience Questionnaire decentering, K-PSYRATS Korean Version of the Psychotic Symptom Rating Scales, PANSS Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, BDI Beck Depression Inventory,
  2. MAP-SR The Motivation and Pleasure Scale-Self Rating items, VBM Virtual Reality-based Mindfulness Intervention.
  3. aPaired t test.
  4. btwo-way repeated measure ANCOVA.
  5. cMean score of suicidal ideation frequency and duration in the Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale. (n = 22 (VBM), 19 (VR control)).
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