Table 1 Clinical Measures and Cognitive Assessments Over Time.

From: Investigating the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on working memory training in individuals with schizophrenia

 

Pre-Training

Post Training

One-month Follow-Up

Three-month Follow-Up

 

tDCS (n = 13)

sham (n = 13)

tDCS (n = 13)

sham (n = 13)

tDCS (n = 13)

sham (n = 12)

tDCS (n = 12)

sham (n = 9)

 

M (SD)

M (SD)

M (SD)

M (SD)

M (SD)

M (SD)

M (SD)

M (SD)

Cognitive Assessments

BACS Composite [t]

40.69 (14.47)

33.23 (13.66)

47.69 (12.89)

36.38 (15.80)

46.92 (11.50)

38.67 (15.38)

46.00 (14.48)

39.33 (16.89)

 Verbal Memory

50.46 (16.86)

41.92 (14.53)

49.92 (13.32)

46.69 (17.28)

53.00 (14.18)

45.42 (14.87)

55.5 (14.75)

48.22 (16.98)

 Digit Sequencing

42.31 (11.83)

36.62 (11.04)

47.08 (10.04)

35.31 (12.51)

42.31 (9.78)

35.17 (15.50)

45.33 (11.77)

37.44 (11.26)

 Token Motor Task

42.31 (18.17)

43.92 (11.09)

49.08 (16.11)

46.00 (11.76)

51.77 (11.13)

49.58 (8.08)

47.17 (18.61)

47.89 (14.08)

 Verbal Fluency

46.00 (10.38)

39.46 (11.20)

48.38 (12.55)

42.00 (12.84)

46.38 (9.55)

41.75 (10.57)

45.50 (8.48)

42.89 (11.67)

 Symbol Coding

37.31 (6.77)

31.92 (8.34)

43.38 (6.91)

36.15 (10.42)

42.23 (8.59)

40.92 (13.45)

41.42 (9.39)

40.22 (10.47)

 Tower of London

47.08 (8.44)

47.69 (10.93)

52.92 (7.63)

45.92 (10.93)

51.92 (9.35)

47.33 (14.47)

50.08 (7.39)

46.33 (8.38)

TMT-B [norm]

92.85 (12.78)

84.23 (19.31)

93.00 (16.48)

89.46 (22.43)

94.15 (15.98)

91.73 (22.37)

97.92 (12.59)

93.44 (13.39)

Clinical Measures

WHOQOL-BREF

89.67 (9.55)*

88.23 (16.26)

85.58 (15.25)*

87.08 (16.10)*

90.08 (12.86)

83.42 (15.78)

87.09 (13.19)

84.44 (12.17)

CDSS

2.62 (1.98)

4.38 (4.48)

3.00 (3.06)

1.54 (2.57)

2.46 (2.76)

2.83 (4.45)

3.67 (4.23)

4.78 (4.92)

GAF

56.23 (11.82)

53.15 (14.4)

58.85 (11.15)

56.00 (15.79)

60.23 (12.72)

53.92 (15.7)

52.58 (16.75)

51.11 (13.92)

PANSS Total

43.62 (8.25)

48.08 (12.11)

42.85 (6.03)

44.62 (10.96)

40.54 (7.08)

43.42 (13.65)

44.75 (9.29)

45.33 (9.11)

 Positive

10.23 (3.61)

9.77 (2.83)

9.69 (2.46)

9.23 (3.42)

9.15 (2.41)

9.17 (2.76)

10.17 (2.04)

9.89 (3.14)

 Negative

11.69 (3.28)

14.54 (6.13)

11.85 (3.36)

13.54 (5.84)

11.54 (3.82)

13.25 (6.58)

11.83 (5.47)

12.78 (4.41)

 Psychopathology

23.23 (4.57)

23.77 (5.21)

22.08 (3.75)

21.92 (4.07)

20.46 (3.48)

21.83 (4.15)

22.75 (4.33)

23.78 (4.68)

SANS Total

19.08 (12.46)

20.38 (13.68)

20.00 (12.39)

18.31 (13.05)

15.38 (10.86)

22.58 (16.69)

18.17 (15.52)

23.11 (12.83)

 Affective Flattening

7.15 (6.49)

4.77 (6.83)

8.08 (5.88)

4.77 (6.15)

6.31 (6.32)

8.83 (7.53)

6.25 (6.47)

8.22 (7.61)

 Alogia

4.31 (4.05)

3.69 (4.17)

4.62 (3.52)

2.54 (3.45)

3.00 (3.70)

3.33 (3.75)

3.42 (3.99)

2.78 (2.44)

 Apathy

2.38 (2.57)

3.54 (3.23)

2.46 (2.99)

3.31 (2.98)

2.38 (2.6)

2.67 (2.74)

2.42 (3.42)

3.11 (3.06)

 Anhedonia

4.23 (3.94)

8.23 (6.03)

3.92 (4.01)

6.85 (6.31)

3.23 (3.61)

7.33 (6.92)

5.50 (6.67)

8.00 (6.00)

Attention

1.08 (1.55)

1.31 (2.06)

0.92 (2.25)

0.85 (1.77)

0.50 (1.73)

0.50 (1.24)

0.58 (1.73)

0.78 (1.56)

  1. Pre-Training: Three days before the first tDCS-augmented training session, Post-Training: Three days after the last tDCS-augmented training session, BACS: Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia, TMT-B: Trail-Making Test, Version B, WHOQOL-BREF: World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment, CDSS: Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia, GAF: Global Assessment of Functioning Scale, PANSS: Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, SANS: Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms, M: mean, SD: standard deviation. *n = 12.
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