Table 2 Bacteria characterization

From: Nanosized food additives impact beneficial and pathogenic bacteria in the human gut: a simulated gastrointestinal study

Bacteria

TEM diameter in dry state±s.d. (µm)

Gram

Zeta potential±s.d. (mV)

Disease relevance

NP binding

Escherichia coli GFP/−

1.1 ± 0.2 × 2.3 ± 0.1

Negative

−74.2 ± 0.35

+FM/SEM/EDX

Escherichia coli RFP

1.3 ± 0.3 × 2.6 ± 0.4

Negative

−72.1 ± 0.4

+FM/SEM/EDX

Helicobacter pylori GFP/−

0.7 ± 0.1 × 2.9 ± .0.5

Negative

−6.6 ± 1.5

Gastritis, gastric cancer, ulceration, and MALT53

+FM

Listeria monocytogenes GFP/−

0.4 ± 0.1 × 1.7 ± 0.3

Positive

−14.1 ± 1

Listeriosis, sepsis, and meningitis54

+FM

Enteropathogenic E. coliGFP/− (EPEC)

0.6 ± 0.2 × 2.3 ± 0.3

Negative

−11.4 ± 1.1

Diarrhea and dyspepsia

+FM

Shigella flexneri GFP

0.5 ± 0.1 × 2.2 ± 0.4

Negative

−22.2 ± 0.5

Dysentery, sepsis, and pneumonia

+FM

Salmonella enterica SL7207/*

1.1 ± 0.5 × 3.4 ± 0.7

Negative

−16.6 ± 1.4

Enterocolitis and antitumoral effect55

+FM

Lactobacillus acidophilus

1.3 ± 0.2 × 8.1 ± 0.6

Positive

−38.2 ± 0.8

Probiotic and antimicrobial56

+FM

Bifidobacterium lactis

1.2 ± 0.3

Positive

−34.4 ± 0.6

Probiotic, antibacterial57

+FM

Streptococcus thermophilus

1.1 ± 0.2

Positive

−6.4 ± 0.2

Probiotic58

+FM

  1. The average size of the different bacteria was determined in the dry state (TEM). Zeta potentials were determined with a Zetasizer. NP-binding was detected by the indicated methods (FM fluorescence microscopy, SEM scanning electron microscopy, EDX energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy). Values are mean ± s.d. from three independent experiments.