Fig. 2: Morphological and functional analysis of bovine muscle tissue.
From: Formation of contractile 3D bovine muscle tissue for construction of millimetre-thick cultured steak
a Rate of fibre-shaped bovine muscle tissues capable of contracting in response to applied electrical stimulation (the number of contractile tissue/the number of all tissues), formed with the collagen (Col)-based tissues cultured with and without electrical stimulation (ES) (amplitude: 3 V/mm, frequency: 1 Hz, duration: 2 ms) (N = 6), and the fibrin-matrigel (Fib-Mat)-based tissues cultured with and without ES (N = 9). b Temporal variation of contractile distance of the fibre-shaped bovine muscle tissue formed with collagen and Fib-Mat depending on the ES. c Confocal images of the bovine muscle tissue; cell nucleus (blue), α-actinin (green). d Occupancy of myotubes in the short-axial cross-section of the muscle tissue under different culture conditions (n = 3). e Rate of myotube formation with α-actinin striped patterns in all myotubes in the muscle tissue. (n = 3) f Directional distribution of brightness calculated from FFT images corresponding to confocal images. 0 degree and 180 degree show short-axial direction of the tissue and 90 degree shows its long-axial direction. Black, red and blue lines in each plot represent values for different tissues. All error bars show standard deviation. Scale bar, (c) 50 μm.
