Fig. 1: Particle size, PDI, zeta-potential, and SEM of samples.

Impact of formulation on particles size (a), PDI (a), and zeta-potential (b) of zein, HP-β-CD, CQZH nanoparticles, and CQZH Ca2+ nanoparticles (1–5 mM Ca2+); SEM of zein-HP-β-CD (c: ×10 k, d: ×30 k, and e: ×50 k), CQZH (f: ×10 k, g: ×30 k, and h: ×50 k), and CQZH Ca2+ (i: ×10 k, j: ×30 k, and k: ×50 k). Values with different letters differ statistically (p < 0.05). Data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation.