Table 3 Visualization techniques commonly used in food safety RAPW over the last decade.

Multidimensional Data Visualization

Scatterplot

Show the correlations of two attributes in red wine data⁷⁸

Scatterplot Matrix

Analyze the correlations among multiple nutrients in food⁷⁹

Parallel Coordinates

Compare the differences between multiple maximum residue limit standards⁸² and rank agricultural products by multiple indicators³¹

Associated and Hierarchical Data Visualization

Node-linked Graph/Node-linked Tree

Show the association between food and hazards^83,84 and present the classification of foods, food additives, and products⁸⁵

Adjacency Matrix

Represent the detection relationship⁸⁶

Space-filling Methods

Represent the distribution of pesticide residues⁸⁷, the differences of multiple maximum residue limits^82,91, and the association between hazards and products^88,89,90

Spatial-temporal Data Visualization

Map-based Methods

Analyze the spatial distribution of pesticide residue^92,94

Timeline Methods

Capture temporal trends and seasonal patterns of salmonellosis¹¹⁸

Spatial-temporal Correlation Methods

Capture the geographical distribution characteristics and the development trend of food attributes over time⁸⁷

Visualization Interaction

Select / Filter / Navigate

Quickly locate highly contaminated agricultural products and pesticides⁸⁶ and compare maximum residue limit standards from different countries or regions⁸²

Overview + Detail

Focus + Context