Table 1 Studies demonstrating alternative rice cultivation practice outcomes

Reduced arsenic

Li et al.³⁹; Linquist et al.¹⁰; Price et al.⁶⁰; Rahman et al.⁶¹; Williams et al.¹²³

Aide and Beighley⁶²; Duxbury and Panaullah¹⁵; Li et al.⁴³; Stevens et al.⁶³; Talukder et al.⁶⁴

Reduced water use

Bouman and Tuong²³; Lampayan et al.¹³; Linquist et al.¹⁰; Liu et al.²¹

Bouman et al.⁴⁴; Bouman et al.¹⁴; Duxbury and Panaullah¹⁵

Reduced inputs

Kürschner et al.²⁸; Massey et al.⁸; Nalley et al.²⁷

Duxbury and Panaullah¹⁵; Hogan et al.²⁶; Vories et al.²⁹

Reduced carbon emissions

Li et al.³⁷; Lindau et al.³⁴; Linquist et al.¹⁰; Wassmann et al.³⁶

Feng et al.³³

Rainfall capture / reduced runoff

Li²⁵; Martini et al.³⁰; Massey et al.⁸

Duxbury and Panaullah¹⁵; Majumdar et al.³¹

Comparable yield to conventional methods

Das et al.⁶⁵; LaHue et al.¹¹; Lampayan et al.¹³; Li et al.⁴¹; Li et al.³⁹; Rahman et al.⁶¹

Bouman et al.¹⁴; Duxbury and Panaullah¹⁵; Li et al.⁴³; Stevens et al.⁷⁵

Reduces yields

Bouman and Tuong²³; Carrijo et al.¹²; Hu et al.⁶⁶; Yamaguchi et al.⁷⁷

Bouman et al.⁴⁴

Increased labor demands

Carrijo et al.¹²; Linquist et al.¹⁰; Massey et al.⁸; Miller et al.⁷⁶

Stevens et al.⁷⁵

Reduced soil carbon content

Pan et al.⁸⁰; Wu⁸¹

Witt et al.⁸²

Increased cadmium

Arao et al⁸³; Honma et al.⁸⁴; Hu et al.⁶⁶; Li et al.³⁹; Yang et al.³⁸

Zhao and Wang⁸⁷