Table 2 Studies linking alternative cultivation practices (ACPs) and water management practices, including aerobic cultivation, alternate wetting–drying (AWD), and continuous flooding (CF), to arsenic content in rice grains

From: Unintended food safety impacts of agricultural circular economies, with case studies in arsenic and mycotoxins

Citation

As in grain (in percent change ACP compared to conventional/continuous flooding)

Nation(s)

ACP result

Linquist et al.10

AWD = ↓64% or limited reduction

AR, USA

Limited or reduced

Xu et al.45

↓62–66%

United Kingdom

Reduced

Hu et al.66

Greenhouse pot: ↓67–94%

Int.-Aerobic = ↓56%

Intermittent = ↓38%

CF = (highest) 0.34 mg kg−1

Field: ↓16%

China

Reduced

Aerobic = ↓33%

Int.-Aerobic = ↓33%

Intermittent = ↓29%

CF = (highest) 0.21 mg kg−1

Das et al.65

Non-flood = ↓53%

AWD = ↓50%

Taiwan

Reduced

Rahman et al.61

CF = (highest) 0.65 mg kg−1

AWD = ↓37%

Bangladesh

Reduced

Hu et al.68

↓ 17–52%

Aerobic = ↓39%

Intermittent Flooding = ↓33%

Conventional = ↓19%

Flooding = (highest) 0.36 mg kg−1

China

Reduced

Hu et al.85

Aerobic = ↓50%

Intermittent Flooding = ↓53%

Conventional = ↓28%

Flooding = (highest) 0.4 mg kg−1

Arao et al.83 (inorganic As)

CF = ↓9%

Extended flooding = ↓18%

Moderate flooding = ↓57%

Medium AWD = ↓23%

Shorter flooding = ↓75%

Mild AWD = (highest) 0.44 mg kg−1

Minimal flooding = ↓75%

Japan

Reduced

Hua et al.69

CF = (highest) 18.3 μg kg-1

AWD = ↓73%

AR, USA

Reduced

Price et al.60

Reduces (multiple measures)

Multiple (Bangladesh)

Reduced

Somenahally et al.67

AWD = ↓41%

AR, USA

Reduced

Li et al.39

AWD = ↓14-61%

CA, USA

Reduced

Takahashi et al.46

↓53%

Japan

Reduced

Talukder et al.64

AWD = ↓41–45%

Bangladesh

Reduced

Li et al.43

Aerobic = ↓87%

Flood—Aerobic = ↓25%

Aerobic—Flood = ↓46%

United Kingdom

Reduced

Spanu, et al.124

CF = 163 μg kg−1

Irrigation = ↓98%

Italy

Reduced

Honma, e tal.84

CF = ↓6%

Mild AWD = (highest) 0.52 mg kg−1

Moderate AWD = ↓25%

Severe AWD = ↓62%

Rain-fed = ↓67%

Japan

More intense reduced

Back to article page