Table 4 Studies linking alternative cultivation practices (ACPs) and water management practices, including aerobic cultivation, alternate wetting–drying (AWD), and continuous flooding (CF: Conventional method), to cadmium content in rice grains
Citation | Cd in grain (in percent change ACP compared to conventional/continuous flooding) | Nation(s) | ACP result | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Hu et al.66 | Greenhouse pot: Int.-aerobic = ↓61% Intermittent = ↓93% CF = 3.25 mg/kg | Field: | China | Increased (in field) |
Aerobic = ↑950% Int.-Aerobic = ↑600% Intermittent = ↑50% CF = 0.02 mg/kg | ||||
Hu et al.68 | Aerobic = ↑1,083% Intermittent Flooding = ↑667% Conventional = 0.06 mg/kg Flooding = ↓50% | China | Increased | |
Hu et al.85 | Aerobic = ↑833% Intermittent Flooding = ↑633% Conventional = 0.15 mg kg−1 Flooding = ↓87% | |||
Arao et al.83 | CF = 0.008 mg kg-1 Extended flooding = ↑288% Moderate flooding = ↑3838% Medium AWD = ↑2213% Shorter flooding = ↑4588% Mild AWD = ↑713% Minimal flooding = ↑4025% | Japan | Increased | |
Li et al.39 | CF = 6.5 μg kg−1 AWD35 = ↑155% AWD25 = ↑322% | CA, USA | Increased | |
Yang et al.38 | Grain: | Milled rice: | Yangzhou, China | *Moderate AWD reduced grain and milled rice Cd *Severe AWD increased grain but reduced milled rice Cd |
CF = 0.77 μg g−1 Moderate AWD = ↓19% Severe AWD = ↑10% | CF = 0.60 μg g−1 Moderate AWD = ↓40% Severe AWD = ↓15% | |||
Honma et al.84 | CF = 0.01 mg kg−1 Mild AWD = no change Moderate AWD = ↑100% Severe AWD = ↑60% Rain-fed = ↑1500% | Japan | Increased | |
